تأثیر نسبت‌های مختلف نیتروژن آمونیومی و نیتراتی بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی درختان سیب رقم‌های گلاب‌‌کهنز و گرانی اسمیت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج

2 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج

3 دانشیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج

چکیده

در این پژوهش تأثیر پنج نوع محلول‌ غذایی با نسبت‌های متفاوت نیتروژن آمونیومی و نیتراتی بر برخی ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی دو رقم سیب (گلاب‌کهنز و گرانی‌اسمیت) بررسی شد. محلول شماره 1 یا شاهد که شامل نیترات بود و در دیگر محلول‌های غذایی نسبت آمونیوم به نیتروژن کل به ترتیب 04/0، 07/0، 10/0، 14/0 میلی‌اکی‌والان در لیتر بود. میوه‌های سیب رقم گلاب‌کهنز و گرانی‌اسمیت بر پایۀ شاخص‌های رسیدگی به ترتیب در تاریخ‌های 17 خرداد و 20 شهریور برداشت و برای ارزیابی به آزمایشگاه منتقل شدند. وزن تازۀ میوه‌ها، طول، قطر، نسبت طول به قطر میوه‌ها (شکل میوه‌ها)، سفتی بافت میوه، pH، مواد جامد قابل‌حل (TSS)، اسید قابل عیارسنجی یا تیتراسیون (TA) و نسبت TSS/TA ارزیابی شدند. نتایج بررسی‌های دیگر نشان داد، با افزایش نیتروژن آمونیومی در محلول‌های غذایی اختلاف معنی‌داری در وزن تازه‌ و شکل میوه‌ها مشاهده نشد. درحالی‌که سفتی بافت میوه‌ها، pH عصارۀ میوه‌ها و کل مواد جامد قابل‌حل با افزایش نسبت نیتروژن آمونیومی به نیتروژن کل کاهش معنی‌داری را نشان دادند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different ammonium and nitrate ratios on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple varieties (Golabe-Kohanz and Granny Smith)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mesbah Babalar 1
  • Paria Ahmadi 2
  • Alireza Talaee 1
  • Mohammad Ali Asgari Sarcheshmeh 3
1 Professor, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Former M. Sc. Student, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Associate Professor, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this study, the effect of 5 nutrient solutions containing different ratios of ammonium nitrogen to total nitrogen on quantity and quality properties of two apple varieties (Golabe-Kohanz and Granny Smith), were studied. One of the nutrient solution (number 1) had no ammonium nitrogen but the ammonium to total nitrogen ratios of other nutrient solutions were, 0.04, 0.07, 0.10, 0.14 meq/liters, respectively. Fresh weight, length, diameter and length to diameter ratio of fruits (shape of fruits), fruit firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and TSS / TA ratios were evaluated. When ammonium nitrogen increased in nutrient solutions there was no significant difference in fruits fresh weight and shape of fruits. While firmness, pH, total soluble solids significantly decreased when the ammonium to total nitrogen ratios increased in nutrient solutions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Apple fruits
  • nitrate and ammonium
  • nutrient solutions
  • quantity and quality properties

مراجع

  1. Araghi Moshrefi, A. R., Naderi, R., Babalar, M. & Taheri M. R. (2013). Effect of ammonium to total nitrogen different ratios on vegetative growth and flowering of potted plant of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Journal of Agricultural Improvement, 15, 39-51. (in Farsi)
  2. Azarmi, R. & Esmaeilpour, B. (2010). Ratio on growth, yield and element composition of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(2), 607-610.
  3. Babalar, M. & Ahmadi, A. (1997). Effect of feeding by different ratios of N-NO3 and N-NH4 on growth and the amount of macro nutrients of the Golden Delicious apple seedlings grafted on the M9. Journal of Agriculture Science, 28(4), 31-40. (in Farsi)
  4. Bybordi, A., Tabatabaee, S. J. & Ahmad, F. A. (2012). Effect of different ratios of nitrate to ammonium on photosynthesis, respiration and antioxidant enzymes activity of canola (Brassica napus L.) in salinity conditions. Journal of Iranian agriculture reaserch. 1389(6). (in Farsi)
  5. Cox, W. J. & Reisenauer, H. M. (1973). Growth and ion uptake by wheat supplied with nitrogen as nitrate, or ammonium, or both. Plant and Soil, 38, 363-380.
  6. Cramer, M. D. & Lewis, O. A. M. (1993). The influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) plants. Annals of Botany, 72(4), 359-365.
  7. Cuquel, F. L., Motta, A. C. V., Tutida, I. & Mio, L. L. M. D. (2011). Nitrogen and potassium fertilization affecting the plum postharvest quality. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 33(SPE1), 328-336.
  8. Delshad, M., Babalar, M. & Kashi A. (2000). Effect of NH4/NH4+NO3 ratio of nutrient solution on greenhouse tomato cultivars in hydroponic systems. Journal of Agriculture Science, 36, 939-946. (in Farsi)
  9. Drake, S., Raese, J. & Smith, T. (2002). Time of nitrogen application and its influence on Golden Delicious Apple yield and fruit quality. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 25(1), 143-157.
  10. Dris, R., Niskanen, R. & Fallahi, E. (1998). Nitrogen and calcium nutrition and fruit quality of commercial apple cultivars grown in Finland. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(11), 2389-2402.
  11. Ernarni, P. R. (2008). Química do solo e disponibilidade de nutrientes às plantas. Lages, 229p.
  12. Ferree, D. C. & Warrington, I. J. (2003). Apples: botany, production and uses. CABI publishing. 660p.
  13. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2013). From http:// www. FAO. Org. Statistical Database/ faostat/collections. Pruduction crop.
  14. Ganmore, N. R. & Kafkafi, U. (1985). The effect of root temperature and nitrate ammonium rates on strawberry plants. II. N uptake, mineral ions and carboxylate concentration. Agronomy Journal, 77, 835-840.
  15. Hassegawa, R. H., Fonseca, H., Fancelli, A. L., da Silva, V. N., Schammass, E. A., Reis, T. A. & Corrêa, B. (2008). Influence of macro-and micronutrient fertilization on fungal contamination and fumonisin production in corn grains. Food Control, 19(1), 36-43.
  16. Jules, J., James N., Cummins, S., Brown, K. & Hemmat, M. (1996). Apples. p. 1-77. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore. Fruit breeding vol. I. Tree and tropical fruits. Wiley, New York.
  17. Kühn, B. F., Bertelsen, M. & Sørensen, L. (2011). Optimising quality-parameters of apple cv. ‘Pigeon’ by adjustment of nitrogen. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3), 369-375.
  18. Lata, B. & Przeradzka, M. (2002). Changes of antioxidant content in fruit peel and flesh of selected apple cultivars during storage. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 10, 5-13.
  19. Malekooti, M. J., Salari, A. R., Shahabian, M., Mostashari, M. & Kalar, D. (2006). Recognation of nutritional abnormalities of grapes and offer practical solutions to increased performance and improve their quality in the country. Journal of Soil and Water Science, 12, 126-130. (in Farsi)
  20. Marandi, R. (2004). Postharvest physiology of horticultural crops. University of Western Azerbaijan. 276 p. (in Farsi)
  21. Milić, B., Čabilovski, R., Keserović, Z., Manojlović, M., Magazin, N. & Dorić, M. (2012). Nitrogen fertilization and chemical thinning with 6-benzyladenine affect fruit set and quality of golden delicious apples. Scientia Horticulturae, 140, 81-86.
  22. Mostofi, Y. and Najafi, F. (2005). Analytical laboratory methods in Horticultural Science. (Translation). Tehran University publishing. 136 p.
  23. Prsa, I., Stampar, F., Vodnik, D. & Veberic, R. (2007). Influence of nitrogen on leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 57(3), 283-289.
  24. Raese, J. T., Drake, S. R. & Curry, E. A. (2007). Nitrogen fertilizer influences fruit quality, soil nutrients and cover crops, leaf color and nitrogen content, biennial bearing and cold hardiness of ‘Golden Delicious’. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(10), 1585-1604.
  25. Salam, M. T., Millstein, J., Li, Y. F., Lurmann, F. W., Margolis, H. G. & Gilliland, F. D. (2005). Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children's Health Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1638-1644.
  26. Scudellari, D., Spada, G., Tagliavini, M., Zavalloni, C., Marangoni, B. & Ponti, I. (1997). [Effect of nitrogen and calcium fertilization on yield and quality of kiwi fruit fruits [Emilia Romagna]]. Rivista di Frutticoltura e di Ortofloricoltura (Italy).
  27. Sokri, S. M., Babalar, M., Barker, A. V., Lesani, H. & Asgari, M. A. (2014). Fruit quality and nitrogen, potassium, and calcium content of apple as influenced by nitrate: ammonium ratios in tree nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, (just-accepted), 00-00.‏
  28. Taghavi, T. S., Babalar, M., Ebadi, A., Ebrahimzadeh, H. & Askari, M. A. (2004). Effects of nitrate to ammonium ratio on yield and nitrogen metabolism of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa cv. selva). International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 6(6), 994-997.
  29. Van Tuil, H. D. W. (1965). Organic salts in plants in relation to nutrition and growth (Doctoral dissertation, Centre for Agricultural Publications and Documentation).
  30. Xia, G., Cheng, L., Lakso, A. & Goffinet, M. (2009). Effects of nitrogen supply on source-sink balance and fruit size of ‘Gala’apple trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 134(1), 126-133.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 28 دی 1394
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 26 مهر 1395
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 27 مهر 1395

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار