بررسی تغییرات غلظت عناصر غذایی در برگ مکزیکن لایم (‏Citrus aurantifolia Swingle‏) طی ‏پیشرفت بیماری جاروک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه‌های نیمه‌گرمسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج ‏کشاورزی، رامسر، ایران

2 دانشیار، پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه‌های نیمه‌گرمسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج ‏کشاورزی، رامسر، ایران

3 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ‏ایران

چکیده

بیماری جاروک مکزیکن لایم، که توسط Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia ایجاد می‌شود، مهم‌ترین عامل محدودکننده تولید این محصول در مناطق جنوبی ایران است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تغییرات غلظت عناصر غذایی در برگ نهال‌های ریشه‌دار مکزیکن‌لایم آلوده‌شده با فیتوپلاسما و مکزیکن‌لایم سالم طی پیشرفت بیماری (330-90 روز) و امکان جداسازی نهال‌های سالم و آلوده تحت شرایط گلخانه‌ای انجام گرفت. بدین‏منظور، تعدادی برگ از نهال‏های آلوده و سالم در بازه‌های زمانی 90، 150، 210، 270 و 330 روز پس از آلوده‏سازی نمونه‌برداری شد و غلظت عناصر غذایی شامل نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، بور، آهن، منگنز، روی و مس طی پیشرفت بیماری در برگ گیاهان اندازه‏‏گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد آلودگی به فیتوپلاسما منجر به کاهش معنی‏دار غلظت نیتروژن، کلسیم، بور و منگنز و افزایش معنی­دار غلظت فسفر، پتاسیم، منیزیم، آهن و روی در برگ گیاهان آلوده شد. غلظت مس در برگ گیاهان آلوده در مقایسه با گیاهان سالم تغییر معنی‏داری نداشت. به علاوه، نتایج تجزیه به مولفه‌های اصلی نشان داد بر اساس غلظت عناصر غذایی نمی­توان گیاهان آلوده و سالم را در مراحل اولیه نمونه‏‏برداری (قبل از ظهور علایم ظاهری بیماری) جداسازی نمود، اما با ظهور علائم ظاهری بیماری و پیشرفت بیماری، آنالیز مولفه اصلی قادر به جداسازی گیاهان آلوده از گیاهان سالم بود. به‏طور کلی نتایج مطالعه حاضر بینشی جدید در مورد پاسخ مکزیکن‌لایم به بیماری‏گر فیتوپلاسما فراهم نمود و می­تواند در اتخاذ راهکارهایی در جهت بازتوانی و افزایش عمر اقتصادی درختان آلوده به جاروک مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of leaf nutrient changes in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) ‎during the progression of witches’ broom disease of lime (WBDL)‎

نویسندگان [English]

  • Tahereh Raiesi 1
  • Morteza Golmohammadi 2
  • Ali Asadi kangarshahi 3
1 Assistant Professor, Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Centre, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, ‎Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Centre, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, ‎Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and ‎Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Witches’ broom disease of lime (WBDL), caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, is major limiting factor for Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) production in southern Iran. In this investigation, leaf nutrient profiling of the healthy and infected rooted Mexican lime during WBDL progression (90-330 days) as well as to distinguish the infected from the healthy Mexican limes under greenhouse condition. For this aim, the healthy and infected plants were sampled 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 days after inoculation with phytoplasma and leaf nutrient concentrations including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, manganese, zinc and copper were measured during WBDL progression. The results showed phytoplasmal infection mostly caused to a marked decrease in the concentration of nitrogen, calcium, boron, manganese, and significant increase in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, iron, and zinc in the infected leaves. In Mexican lime leaves, copper concentration did not significantly change after inoculation with phytoplasma with respect to the healthy plants. In addition, the principal components analysis (PCA) based on the concentration of nutrients could not distinction infected and healthy plants in the early stages of sampling (before the appearance of symptoms), but PCA revealed a clear distinction between the leaf nutritional profiles of healthy and infected plants after the appearance of symptoms during the progression of WBDL. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the lime response to phytoplasma infection during the progression of WBDL and it can be useful in adopting strategies to improve and increase the economic efficiency of trees infected with WBDL.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Macro nutrient
  • micro nutrient
  • PCA

مراجع

  1. Al-Ghaithi, A.G., Hanif, M.A., Al-Busaidi, W.M. & Al-Sadi, A.M. (2016). Increased sodium and fluctuations in minerals in acid limes expressing witches’ broom symptoms. SpringerPlus, 5, 1-8.
  2. Bertamini, M., Nedunchezhian, N., Tomasi, F. & Grando, S. (2002). Phytoplasma [Stolbur subgroup (Bois Noir-BN)] infection inhibits photosynthetic pigments, ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase and photosynthetic activities in field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay) leaves. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 61, 357-366.
  3. Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Rengel, Z. & Zhao, F. (2012). Function of nutrients: micronutrients. In: P. Marschner (Ed), Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (pp.191–248). Academic Press, London.
  4. Christensen, M.N., Axelsen, K.B., Nicolaisen, M. & Schulz, A. (2005). Phytoplasmas and their interactions with hosts. Trends in Plant Science, 10, 526-535.
  5. Chung, K. R., Khan, I. A. & Brlansky, R. H. (2006). Citrus diseases exotic to Florida: Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL): PP-228/PP150, 4/2006.
  6. Del Rio, L.A. (1983). Metalloenzymes as biological markers for the appraisal of micronutrient imbalances in higher plants. Life Chemistry Reports, 2, 1-34
  7. Deng, S.J. & Hiruki, C. (1991). Amplification of 16S ribosomal-RNA genes from culturable and nonculturable mollicutes. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 14, 53-61.
  8. Foyer, C.H., Lelandais, M. & Kunert, K.J. (1994). Photooxidative stress in plants. Plant Physiology, 92, 696-717.
  9. Garnier, M., Zreik, L. & Bov, J.M. (1991). Witches' broom disease of lime trees in Oman: Transmission of a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) to periwinkle and citrus and the production of monoclonal antibodies against the MLO. In: Proceedings of 11th conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, 6-10 Nov., c/o Department of Plant Pathology, Riverside, California, pp. 448-453.
  10. Giorno, F., Guerriero, G., Biagetti, M., Ciccotti, A.M. & Baric, S. (2013). Gene expression and biochemical changes of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro micro-propagated apple plantlets infected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 70, 311-317.
  11. Gundersen, D.E. & Lee, I.M. (1996). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 144-151.
  12. Himeno, M., Kitazawa, Y., Yoshida, T., Maejima, K., Yamaji, Y., Oshima, K. & Namba, S. (2014). Purple top symptoms are associated with reduction of leaf cell death in phytoplasma-infected plants. Scientific Reports, 4, 1-7.
  13. Huber, D., Römheld, V. & Weinmann, M. (2012). Relationship between Nutrition, plant diseases and pests. In: P. Marschner (Ed), Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (pp. 283-298). Academic Press, London.
  14. Kalra, Y.P. (1998). Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis, CRC, London.
  15. Lastra, O., Gomez, M., Lopez-Gorge, J. & Del Rio, L.A. (1982). Catalase activity and isozyme pattern of the metalloenzyme system superoxide dismutase, as a function of leaf development during growth of Pisum sativum plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 55, 209-213.
  16. Lepka, P., Stitt, M., Moll, E. & Seemüller, E. (1999). Effect of phytoplasmal infection on concentration and translocation of carbohydrates and amino acids in periwinkle and tobacco. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 55, 59-68.
  17. Mollayi, S., Zadali, R., Farzaneh, M. & Ghassempour, A. (2015). Metabolite profiling of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves during the progression of witches’ broom disease. Phytochemistry Letters, 13, 290-296.
  18. Murray, M.G. & Thomson, W.F. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 8, 4321-4325.
  19. Poschenrieder, Ch., Tolra, R. & Barcelo, J. (2006). Can metals defend plants against biotic stress? Trends in Plant Science, 11, 288-295.
  20. Raiesi, T. & Golmohammadi, M. (2020). Changes in nutrient concentrations and biochemical characteristics of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) infected by phytoplasma. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 86(6), 486-493.
  21. Raiesi, T., Hashempour, A. & Golmohammadi, M. (2019). Monitoring of the leaf biochemical compositions in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) during the progression of Witches’ Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 50, 733-743. (In Farsi).
  22. Raheb, S., Ghasemnezhad, M., Golain, B., Golmohammadi, M., Sabori, A. (2019). Investigation of polymorphism in different acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) genotypes with free witch’s broom disease by molecular markers of SSR and ISSR. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 50(1), 1-11. (In Farsi)
  23. Salehi, M., Izadpanah, K. & Rahimian, H. (1997). Witches’ broom disease of lime in Sistan, Baluchistan. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 33, 76. (In Farsi)
  24. Schneider, B., Seemuller, E., Smart, C.D. & Kirkpatrick, B.C. (1995). Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms or phytoplasmas. In: S. Razin (Ed), Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology. (pp. 369-380). Academic Press, San Diego.
  25. Sevilla, F., Del Rio, L. A., & Hellin, E. (1984). Superoxide dismutases from a citrus plant: presence of two iron-containing isoenzymes in leaves of lemon trees (Citrus limonum). Journal of Plant Physiology, 116(5), 381-387.
  26. Srivastava, A.K. (2013). Nutrient deficiency symptomology in citrus: An effective diagnostic tool or just an aid for post –mortem analysis. Agricultural Advances, 2, 177-194
  27. Tan, Y., Wei, H.R., Wang, J.W., Zong, X.J., Zhu, D.Z. & Liu, Q.Z. (2015). Phytoplasmas change the source-sink relationship of field-grown sweet cherry by disturbing leaf function. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 92, 22-27.
  28. Zafari, S., Niknam, V., Musetti, R. & Noorbakhsh, S.N. (2012). Effect of phytoplasma infection on metabolite content and antioxidant enzyme activity in lime (Citrus aurantifolia). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34, 561–568.
  29. Zimmermann, M.R., Schneider, B., Mithofer, A., Reichelt, M., Seemuller, E. & Furch, A. (2015). Implications of "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali" infection on phloem function of apple trees. Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research, 26, 67-75.
علوم باغبانی ایران
دوره 52، شماره 3
آذر 1400
صفحه 731-741

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 بهمن 1398
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 12 مهر 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 12 آبان 1399

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار