مطالعه‌ صفات مورفولوژیک مؤثر بر عملکرد گاوزبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum) در شرایط کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی و تراکم‌های مختلف گیاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانش آموخته دکتری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد و استادیار مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

3 دانشیار، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به­منظور مطالعه صفات مورفولوژیک مؤثر بر عملکرد گاوزبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum) در شرایط کاربرد تیمارهای تغذیه­ای و تراکم­های مختلف، آزمایشی در سال­های زراعی 92-1390 در دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل 3 تراکم­ گیاهی (10، 5 و 3 بوته در مترمربع) و 5 نوع کود آلی و شیمیایی مختلف (کمپوست، ورمی‌کمپوست، گاوی، شیمیایی و شاهد) بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که تمامی کودهای آلی مورد مطالعه منجر به افزایش عملکرد گل نسبت به شاهد شدند، به­طوری­که عملکرد گل در تیمارهای کمپوست، ورمی­کمپوست و گاوی به­ترتیب 25، 28 و 27 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود. نتایج رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان داد که متغیرهای ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد اندام هوایی و تعداد گل در بوته، اصلی­ترین عوامل مؤثر بر عملکرد گل بودند، ضمن اینکه سهم نسبی عملکرد اندام هوایی در مقایسه با ارتفاع بوته و تعداد گل در بوته به­ترتیب 16 و 25 درصد بیشتر بود. بر اساس نتایج تحلیل مسیر، عملکرد اندام هوایی در بوته به طرق مختلف به­طور غیرمستقیم عملکرد گل را تحت­تأثیر قرار داد، ولی بیشترین اثر غیرمستقیم آن از طریق ارتفاع بوته بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study the morphological characteristics affecting yield of Echium amoenum under different organic and chemical fertilizers and plant densities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam 1
  • Mohammad Behzad Amiri 2
  • Mohsen Jahan 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

In order to study the morphological characteristics affecting yield of Echium amoenum under different nutritional treatments and different plant densities, a factorial experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2011-2013 growing seasons. The experimental treatments were all combination of three plant densities (10, 5 and 3 plant.m-2) and five different types of organic and chemical fertilizers (compost, vermicompost, cow manure, chemical fertilizer and control). Results showed that organic fertilizers increased flower yield compared to control treatment. The flower yield of compost, vermicompost and cow manure treatments were 25, 28, and 27 percent more than control, respectively. Results of multivariate regression showed that variables of plant height, shoot dry weight, and number of flower per plant were the main factors affecting yield of flower; meanwhile, the relative contribution of shoot dry weight was approximately 16 and 25 percent more than plant height and number of flowers per plant, respectively. Based on the results of path analysis, shoot dry weight per plant had indirect effect on yield flower in different ways, but most of its indirect effect was imposed through plant height on the yield flower.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • compost
  • multivariate regression
  • optimal density
  • Path analysis
  • Plant height
  1. Abbaszadeh, B., Rezaee, M. B. & Paknejad, F. (2011). Evaluation relationship between essential oil yield and some agriculture characters by using of path analysis of two ecotypes of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Var. amphilema L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27, 36-46. (in Farsi) 
  2. Abbaszadeh, B., Assareh, M.H., Ardakani, M.R., Paknejad, F., Layegh Haghighi, M. & Meshkizadeh, S. (2012). Sequential path analysis of effective characters on shoot yield and essential oil percentage of Camphorosma monspeliaca L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28, 523-533. (in Farsi)
  3. Akhani, A., Darzi, M. T. & Haj Seyed Hadi, M. R. (2012). Effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield components and seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4, 1205-1211.
  4. Amirian, S., Golparvar, A. R. & Nassiri, B. M. (2013). Character association, regression and path analysis in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrids. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3, 3640-3643.
  5. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Bierman, P., Welch, C. & Metzger, J. D. (2004). Influence of vermicompost on field strawberries. Bioresource Technology, 93, 145-153.
  6. Arancon, N. Q., Galvis, P. A. & Edwards, A. (2005). Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1137-1142.
  7. Atiyeh, R.M., Lee, S.S., Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N.Q. & Metzger, J. (2002). The influence of humic acid derived from earthworm-processed organic waste on plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 84, 7-14.
  8. Azeez, J. O., Van Averbeke, W. & Okorogbona, A. O. M. (2010). Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology, 101, 2499-2505. 
  9. Chauhan, B. S. & Abugho, S. B. (2013). Effects of water regime, nitrogen fertilization, and rice plant density on growth and reproduction of lowland weed Echinochloa crus-galli. Crop Protection, 54, 142-147.
  10. Darzi, M. T., Ghalavand, A., Rejali, F. & Sefidkon, F. (2006). Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vugare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22, 278-292. (in Farsi)
  11. Delate, K. (2000). Heenah mahyah student from herb trail. Leopold center for sustainable agriculture. Annual Reports, Jowa State University. Ames, IA. 
  12. D'Hose, T., Cougnon, M., De Vliegher, A., Vandecasteele, B., Viaene, N., Cornelis, W., Van Bockstaele, E. & Reheul, D. (2014). The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application. Applied Soil Ecology, 75, 189-198.
  13. Doan, T.T., Ngo, P.T., Rumpel, C., Nguyen, B.V. & Jouquet, P. (2013). Interactions between compost, vermicompost and earthworms influence plant growth and yield: A one-year greenhouse experiment. Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 148-154.
  14. Dyulgerov, N. & Dyulgerova, B. (2013). Correlation and path coefficient analysis of productivity elements in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 14, 1512-1517.
  15. Everitt, B.S. & Dunn, G. (1991). Applied multivariate data analysis. Second edition, WIELY Publication.
  16. Fraser, J. & Eaton, G. W. (1983). Applications of yield component analysis to crop research. Field Crop Abstract, 36, 787-797.
  17. Guler, M., Sait Adak, M. & Ulukan, H. (2001). Determining relationships among yield and some yield components using path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 14, 161-166.
  18. Haj Seyyed Hadi, M. R., Darzi, M. T., Riazi, Gh. H. & Ghandarhari, Z. (2013). Evaluation of effect of vermicompost and aminoacids on yield and yield components of Matricaria chemmomilla. Iranian Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 33, 67-80. (in Farsi) 
  19. Hekmati, M., Hadian, J. & Tabaei Aghdaei, S. R. (2012). Evaluating the effect of planting density on yield and morphology of savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad). Annals of Biological Research, 3, 4017-4022.
  20. Hobbs, S.L.A. & Mahon, J.D. (1982). Variation, heritability, and relationship to yield of physiological characters in peas. Crop Science, 22, 773-779.
  21. Ibrahim, H. M. (2012). Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia, 4, 175-182.
  22. Jahan, M., Amiri, M. B., Aghhavani Shajari, M. & Tahami, M. K. (2013). Quantity and quality of cucurbita pepo L. as affected by winter cover crops (Lathyrus sativus and Trifolium resopinatum), PGPRs and organic manures. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11, 337-357.
  23. Kerlinger, F. N. & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973). Multiple regression in behavioral research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, NewYork.
  24. Koocheki, A., Amirmoradi, Sh., Shabahang, J. & Kalantari Khandani, S. (2013). Effect of organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Plantago ovata Forssk., Alyssum homolocarpum L., Lepidium perfoilatum L., and Lalementia iberica L. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 5, 16-26. (in Farsi)
  25. Kukreja, A. K., Dhawan, O. P., Ahuja, P. S., Sharma, S. & Mathur, A. K. (1992). Genetic improvement of mints: On the quantitative traits of essential oil of in vitro derived clons of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis var piperaascens Holmes). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4, 623-629.
  26. Kumar, A. S., Prasad, T. N. & Prasad, U. K. (1996). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on growth, yield/oil content, nitrogen uptake and water-use of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 41, 111-115.
  27. Lakhdar, A., Falleh, H., Ouni, Y., Oueslati, S., Debez, A., Ksouri, R. & Abdelly, Ch. (2011). Municipal solid waste compost application improves productivity, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of Mesembryanthemum edule. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191, 373-379.
  28. Lee, J. (2010). Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae, 124, 299-305.
  29. Liang, Y., Si, J., Nikolic, M., Peng, Y., Chen, W. & Jiang, Y. (2005). Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 1185-1195. 
  30. Mao, J., Olk, D.C., Fang, X., He, Z. & Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2008). Influence of animal manure application on the chemical structures of soil organic matter as investigated by advanced solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 146, 353-362.
  31. Mehrabani, M., Ghassemi, N., Sajjadi, S. E., Ghannadi, A. & Shams-Ardakani, M. (2005). Main phenolic compounds of petals of Echium amoenum fisch. And C.A. Mey., a famous medicinal plant of Iran. Daru, 13, 65-69. (in Farsi)
  32. Mesdaghi, M. (2011). Statistical and regression methods. Emam Reza university of Mashhad publications. (in Farsi)
  33. Mir, B., Ghanbari, A., Ravan, S. & Asgharipour, M. (2011). Effects of plant density and sowing date on yield and yield components of Hibiscus sabdarij in Zabol region. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5, 1156-1161. 
  34. Mirzaee Nadooshan, H., Rezaee, M. B. & Jaimand, K. (2001). Path analysis of essential oil-related characters in Mentha spp. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 16, 340-343.
  35. Motta, S. R. & Maggiore, T. (2013). Evaluation of nitrogen management in maize cultivation grown on soil amended with sewage sludge and urea. European Journal of Agronomy, 45, 59-67. 
  36. Nabizadeh, E., Habibi, H. & Hosainpour, M. (2012). The effect of fertilizers and biological nitrogen and planting density on yield quality and quantity Pimpinella anisum L. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2, 1326-1336.
  37. Najafpoor Navaee, M. (2002). Evaluation of effect of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers on seed yield of Echium amoenum. Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants, 13, 41-50. (in Farsi) 
  38. Ndabamenye, T., Van Asten, P. J. A., Blomme, G., Vanlauwe, B., Swennen, R., Annandale, J. G. & Barnard, R. O. (2013). Ecological characteristics and cultivar influence optimal plant density of East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EA) in low input cropping systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 299-311.
  39. Nooriyan Soroor, E., Rouzbehan, Y. & Alipour, D. (2013). Effect of Echium amoenum extract on the growth rate and fermentation parameters of Mehraban lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 184, 49-57.
  40. Omidi Tabrizi, A. H. (2003). Correletion between traits and path analysis for grain and oil yield in spring safflower. Iranian Journal of Seed and Plant Research, 18, 229-240. (in Farsi)
  41. Padmavathiamma, P. K., Li, L. Y. & Kumari, U. R. (2008). An experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agriculture soil improvement. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1672-1681.
  42. Raja Sekar, K. & Karmegan, N. (2010). Earthworm casts as an alternate carrier material for biofertilizers: Assessment of endurance and viability of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Scientia Horticulturae, 124, 286-289.
  43. Rezaee, M. & Baradaran, R. (2011). Effects of biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29, 635-650. (in Farsi)
  44. Rezaei, A. & Soltani, A. (2008). An introduction to applied regression analysis. Publication Center of Isfehan University. (in Farsi)
  45. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Aminghafuri, A., Bakhshaee, S. & Jafari, L. (2013). Evaluation of effect of biofetilizer and organic fertilizer on some quantitative characteristics and amount of oil of Satureja hortensis L. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 5, 105-112.
  46. Robin, A., Szmidt, R. A. K. & Dickson, W. (2001). Use of compost in agriculture, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Remade Scotland., pp, 324- 336.
  47. Sabahi, H., Takafooyan, J., Mahdavi Damghani, A. M. & Liaghati, H. (2010). Effects of integrated application of farmyard manure, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and chemical fertilizers on production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in saline soil of Qum. Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 2, 287-291. (in Farsi)
  48. Sayyah, M., Boostani, H., Pakseresht, S. & Malaieri, A. (2009). Efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1513-1516.
  49. Shamsodin, S. M., Maghsudi, K., Farahbakhsh, H. & Naseralavi, M. (2007). Compost and control of soil erosion. 2nd National Congress of Ecological Agriculture, 25-26 October, Iran, Gorgan. (in Farsi)
  50. Singh, J. S., Pandey, V. C. & Singh, D.P. (2011). Efficient soil microorganisms: A new dimension for sustainable agriculture and environmental development. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 140, 339-353.
  51. Singh, B., Singh, G. & Pandey, V. P. (2012). Path analysis for seed yield and its component characters in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). New Agriculturist, 23, 185-187.
  52. Tahami Zarandi, S. M. K., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. & Jahan, M. (2010). Comparison of effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential oil percentage of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Agroecology, 2, 63-74. (in Farsi)
  53. Toebe, M. & Filho, A. C. (2013). Multicollinearity in path analysis of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 57, 453-462.
  54. Tollenaar, M. (1991). Physiological basis of genetic improvement of maize hybrids in Ontario from 1959 to 1988. Crop Science, 31, 119-124.
  55. Wu, S. C., Caob, Z. H., Lib, Z. G., Cheunga, K. C. & Wong, M. H. (2005). Effects of biofertilizers containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma, 125, 155-166.
  56. Zhang, Sh., Liao, X., Zhang, Ch. & Xu, H. (2012). Influences of plant density on the seed yield and oil content of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 40, 27-32.