اثر کائولین بر فیزیولوژی درخت، آفتاب‌سوختگی سطحی و خواص کمّی و کیفی ‌میوۀ دو رقم تجاری سیب

قرقانی, علی; عشقی, سعید; خواجه نوری, یاسمین; راحمی, مجید

doi:10.22059/ijhs.2015.55867

اثر کائولین بر فیزیولوژی درخت، آفتاب‌سوختگی سطحی و خواص کمّی و کیفی ‌میوۀ دو رقم تجاری سیب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

² دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

³ کارشناس ارشد ، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

⁴ استاد، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

10.22059/ijhs.2015.55867

چکیده

مطالعۀ حاضر به‌منظور بررسی آثار کاربرد کائولین برای کاهش آثار سوء دماهای بالا به‌ویژه آفتاب‌سوختگی میوه در سیب انجام شد. تیمارهای استفاده‌شده در این پژوهش شامل چهار غلظت کائولین (0،2، 4 و 6 درصد) روی دو رقم مهم و تجاری سیب استان فارس ‘گلدن دلیشز’ و ‘استارکینگ دلیشز’ بود. شاخص‏های اندازه‏گیری شده در این پژوهش شامل شاخص‏های فیزیولوژیکی، آفتاب‌سوختگی میوه و صفات کمّی و کیفی میوه بود. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش غلظت کائولین محلول‏پاشی شده در هر دو رقم میزان فتوسنتز افزایش و دمای برگ و تعرق کاهش یافت. رقم ‘استارکینگ دلیشز’ آفتاب‌سوختگی بیشتری نسبت به رقم ‘گلدن دلیشز’ داشت و با افزایش غلظت کائولین، میزان آفتاب‌سوختگی کاهش پیدا کرد. تیمار کائولین بدون اختلاف معنادار بین سطوح آن، شاخص‌های کمّی میوه را نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش داد. در بین شاخص‌های کیفی میوه تیمار کائولین سبب افزایش وزن خشک و رنگ زمینه و کاهش زنگار‌زدگی و آب‌گزیدگی میوه شد. تیمار کائولین بر سفتی، مواد جامد محلول، اسیدیته و رنگ سطحی میوه تأثیر معناداری نداشت.
‌

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.2008482.1394.46.3.12.5

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of kaolin on tree physiology, superficial sunburn and fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two commercial apple cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

ali gharaghani ¹
Saied Eshghi ²
Yasamin Khajenouri ³
Majid Rahemi ⁴

¹ Assistant ProfessorFaculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

² Associate ProfessorFaculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

³ Former M. Sc. Student Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

⁴ Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

چکیده [English]

This study was carried out to examine the effects of kaolin spray for reducing the adverse effects of high radiation and temperature, especially on fruit sunburn in apple. Treatments were four concentration of kaolin (0, 2, 4, and 6%) and two important and commercial apple cultivars in Fars province; ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’. Trees physiological parameters, fruit sunburn and fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics were measured. Results showed that as kaolin concentration increase, net photosynthesis was increased and leaf temperature and transpiration were decreased in both cultivars. Incensement of kaolin concentration lead to reduced sunburn symptoms in both cultivars but ‘Starking Delicious’ showed more sunburn than ‘Golden Delicious. Kaolin treatments (with no differences among them) improved almost all of fruit quantitative parameters in comparison to control. Among fruit qualitative characteristics, kaolin treatments increased dry mater and background color and reduced russeting and water core incidence. Kaolin spray didn’t have any significant effect on fruit firmness, total soluble solids, acidity and surface color. Regarding mentioned results, it could be concluded that kaolin spray can be a useful approach to reduce adverse effects of high irradiation and temperature in apple orchards.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Apple
kaolin
sunburn
tree physiology
fruit quality

مراجع

1. Andrews, P.K. & Johnson, J.R. (1997). Anatomical changes and antioxidant levels in the peel of sunscald damaged apple fruit. Plant Physiology, 114, 103-107.
2. Braham, M., Pasqualini, E. & Ncira, N. (2007). Efficacy of kaolin, spinosad and malathion against Ceratitis capitata in Citrus orchards. Bulletin of Insectology, 60, 39-47.
3. Cantore, V., B. Pace, and R. Albrizio. 2009. Kaolin-based particle film technology affects tomato physiology, yield and quality. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66, 279-288.
4. Doud, D.S. & Ferree, D.C. (1980). Influence of reflectant and shade material on light distribution on mature ‘delicious’ apple trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 105, 397-400.
5. Erez, A. & Glenn, D.M. (2004). The effect of particle-film technology on yield and fruit quality. Acta Horticulturae, 636, 505-508.
6. Gindaba, J. & Wand, S.J.E. (2007). Do fruit sunburn control measures affect leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in “Royal Gala” apple? Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59, 160-165.
7. Gindaba, J. & Wand, S.J.E. (2007). Do fruit sunburn control measures affect leaf photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance in "Royal Gala" apple? Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 160-165.
8. Gindaba, J. & Wand, S.J.E. (2005). Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples. HortScience, 40, 592-596.
9. Glenn, M. & Puterka, GJ. (2005). Particle films: A new technology for Agriculture. Horticultural Reviews, 31, 1-42.
10. Glenn, D.M., Prado, E., Erez, A., Puterka, G.J. & Gundrum, P. (2003). Particle films affect carbon assimilation and yield in ‘Empire’ apple. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 128, 356-362.
11. Glenn, D.M., Prado, E., Erez, A., McFergosen, J. & Puterka, G.J. (2002). A reflective, processed kaolin particle film affects fruit temperature, radiation, and solar injury in apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 127 (2), 188-193.
12. Glenn, D.M., Puterka, G.J., Drake, S.R., Unruh, T.R., Knight, A.L., Baherie, P., Prado, E. & Baugher, T.A. (2001). Particle film application influences apple leaf physiology, fruit yield, and fruit quality. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 126, 175-181.
13. Green, D.M., Erez, A. & Puterka, G.J. (2003). Reflective particle films affect photosynthesis and yield in Empire apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 128, 175-181.
14. Kerns, DL. & Wright, GC. (2001). Insecticidal and yield enhancement qualities of Surround particle film technology in Citrus. In: “2001 Citrus and Deciduous Fruit and Nut Research Report”, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 65-70.
15. Kondo, S., Asari, M. & Kumagai, M. (1987). Effects of weather conditions tree vigor and pruning on the early fruit drop of apple. Journal of Japanese Society for Horticultural Sciences, 55, 415-421.
16. Kotzé, W.A.G., Carreira, J.A., Beukes, O. & Redelinghuys, A.U. (1988). Effect of evaporative cooling on the growth, yield and fruit quality of apples. Deciduous Fruit Grower, 38, 20-24.
17. Le Grange, M., Wand, S.J.E. & Theron, K.L. (2004). Effect of kaolin applications on apple fruit quality and gas exchange of apple leaves. Acta Horticulturae, 636, 545-550.
18. Marini, R.P. & Barden, J.A. (1982). Light penetration on overcast and clear days, and specific leaf weight in apple trees as affected by summer or dormant pruning. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 107, 39-43.
19. Markó, V., Blommers, L.H.M., Bogya, S. & Helsen, H. (2006). The effect of kaolin treatments on phytophagus and redatory arthropods in the canopies of apple trees. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 14 (Suppl), 379-87.
20. Melgarejo, P., Martínez, J.J., Hernández, F., Martínez-Font, R., Barrows, P. & Erez, A. (2004). Kaolin treatment to reduce pomegranate sunburn. Scientia Horticulturae, 100, 349-353.
21. Puterka, G.J., Glenn, D.M. & Pluta, R.C. (2005). Action of particle films on the biology and behavior of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 98, 2079-2088.
22. Racskó, J., Nagy, J., Szabó, Z., Major, M. & Nyéki, J. (2005). The impact of location, row direction, plant density and rootstock on the sunburn damage of apple cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 11, (1), 19-30.
23. Rosati, A., Metcalf, S.G., Buchner, R.P., Fulton, A.E. & Lampinen, B.D. (2006). Physiological Effects of Kaolin Applications in Well-irrigated and Water-stressed Walnut and Almond Trees. Annals of Botany, 98, 267-275.
24. Sandelius A. S. & Aronsson, H. (2009). The Chloroplasts: Interactions with the Environment, Plant Cell Monographs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
25. Schrader, L.E., Zhang, J., Sun, J., Xu, J., Elfving, D.J. & Kahn, C. (2009). Postharvest changes in internal fruit quality in apples with sunburn browning. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 134 (1), 148-155.
26. Schrader, L. A., Zhang, J. & Duplaga, W.K. (2001). Two types of sunburn in apple caused by high fruit surface (peel) temperature. Online. Plant Health Prog. doi: 10.1094/PHP2001100401RS.
27. Schupp, J.R., Fallahi, E. & Chun, I.J. (2002). Effect of particle film on fruit sunburn, maturity and quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Hort Technology, 12, 87-90.
28. Taize, L. & Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant physiology. Sinauer associated Inc. 4^th Edn. P 690.
29. Wand, S.J.E., Theron, K.I., Ackerman, J. & Marais, S.J.S. (2006). Harvest and post-harvestapple fruit quality following applications of kaolin particle film in South African orchards. Scientia Horticulturae, 107, 271-276.
30. Widmar, A. (2001). Light intensity and fruit quality under hail protection net. Acta Horticulturae, 557, 421-426.
31. Wunsche, J.N., Lombardini, L. & Greer, D.H. (2004). Surround particle film applications effects on whole canopy physiology of apple. Acta Horticulturae, 636, 565-571.