Comparison of Bulblet Production, Enlargement, and Dormancy Breaking in some ‎Commercial hybrid Lilium Cultivars in greenhouse ‎

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

2 Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, ‎Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and ‎Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

The formation of a flowering stem in Lilium requires the production of commercial bulblet and its breaking dormancy. Three experiments, each as a completely randomized design based on a factorial experiment, were conducted. The first was to evaluate the effects of cultivar and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (100 mg/L) on bulblet production rate in scales. In the second, with the aim of investigating the effect of medium culture and bulblet size on bulblet size-changing percentage, bulblets were classified into three sizes according to circumference and weight, then cultivated in two peat:perlite (70:30) and sandy medium. Six commercial hybrids were used in these two experiments. In the third, the effect of bulblet size, chilling, heating, and gibberellic acid on dormancy breaking of the top three cultivars were investigated. In the first experiment, NAA did not have a positive effect on bulblet production, and the highest production rate (4.1 bulblets per scale) was seen in not treated scales with NAA in ‘pinnacle’. According to the results of the second, the largest bulblet and peat:perlite medium showed the best results. The highest bulblet circumference-changing percentage (99.7%) and the highest weight-changing percentage (180.56%) were obtained in the largest size of ‘Pinnacle’ bulblet in peat:perlite medium. According to the results of the third, more than 60% of gibberellic acid-treated bulblets in ‘Pinnacle’ and ‘Eyeliner’ flowered, and the largest bud (8.57 cm) produced by the largest bulblet in ‘Pinnacle’. Therefore, ‘Pinnacle’ and ‘Eyeliner’ were introduced as suitable cultivars for production and gibberellic acid as a chilling replacement for dormancy breaking.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Aelaei, M., Narimani, H., Bahari, A. & Mohammadi, A. (2017). Regeneration, proliferation and commercialized micro propagation of Anthurium andraeanum Pink. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 49 (1), 243-252. (In Farsi).
  2. Al-Ajlouni, M. G., Ayad, J. Y. & Othman, Y. A. (2017). Increasing nutrient levels promote growth and flower quality in lilies grown under soilless culture. Horticultural Science (Prague), 44 (4), 171-177.
  3. Anu, B. (2015). Effect of calcium nitrate on propagation of la hybrid lilies through scaling. M.S.c. thesis, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, India.
  4. Arens, P., Shahin, A. & Van Tuyl, J. M. (2014). (Molecular) breeding of Lilium. In: Ш International symposium on the genus Lilium, Zhangzhou, China.
  5. Azadi, P. (2006). Barriers of using biotechnology in ornamental plants and the solutions. Book of Abstracts: National Symposium on Improvement of Production and Expansion to Import Ornamental Plants in Iran. Mahallat, Iran (in Farsi).
  6. Awang, Y., Shaharom, A. S., Mohammad, R. B. & Selamatm, A. (2009). Chemical and physical characteristics of cocopeat-based media mixtures and their effects on the growth and development of Celosia cristata. Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4 (1), 63-71.
  7. Brito de Almeida, D., Barbosa, J. G., Saraiva Grossi, J. A., Finge, F. L. & Heidemann, J. C. (2017). Influence of vernalization and bulb size on the production of lily cut flowers and lily bulbs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 38 (4), 2399-2408.
  8. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, (2022). Statline.cbs.nl.
  9. De Hertogh, A. A., Van Scheepen, J., Le Nard, M., Okubo, H. & Kamenetsky, R. (2012). Globalization of the flower bulb industry. In: Kamenetsky, R. and Okubo, H. (eds) Ornamental geophytes: from basic science to sustainable production. CRC Press. NW, US: 1-16.
  10. Delaune, A. (2005). Aspects of production for Clerodendrum as potted flowering plants. Master thesis, Louisiana State University, USA.
  11. Franssen, J. M. & Voskens, P. G. J. M. (1997). Competetion between sprout and daughter sprout and daughter bulbs for carbohydrates in tulip as affected by mother bulb size and cytokiknins. Acta Horticulture, 430, 63-72.
  12. Gerrits, M. M., Kim, K. S. & De Klerk, G. J. (1992). Hormonal control of dormancy in bulblets of Lilium speciosum cultured in vitro. Acta Horticulture, 325, 521-527.
  13. Guney, K., Cetin, M., Guney, K. B., Melekoglu, A. (2017). The effects of some hormone applications on Lilium martagon germination and morpholgical characters. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26 (6), 2533-2538.
  14. Fathi, Sh. M. & Attiya, H. J. (2017). Effects of NAA and BA on Lily (Lilium) propagation by scaling. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58 (3C), 1593-1600.
  15. Han, S. S., Halevy, A. H., Sachs, R. M. & Reid, M. S. (1991). Flowering and corm yield of Brodiaea in response to temperature, photoperiod, corm size, and planting Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116, 19-22.
  16. Han, B. H., Yae, B. W., Yu, H. U. & Peak., K. Y. (2005). Improvement of in vitro micropropagation of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Casablanca’ by the formation of shoots with abnormally swollen basal plates. Scientia Horticuturae, 103, 351-359.
  17. Hanks, G. R. & Rees, A. R. (1977). Growth regulator treatments to improve the yield of twins called narcissus. Scientia Horticuturae, 6 (3), 237-240.
  18. Hatamzadeh, A., Shafyii-Masouleh, S. S. & Samizadeh, H. (2010). Gibberellin effects on development process from visible bud to flowering in Lilium. Horticulture, Environment, Biotechnology, 51 (5), 449-452.
  19. Heidari, S., Reezi, S., Mortazavi, S. N. & Nikbakht, A. (2021). Study the effect of cultivar and disbudding on the bulb propagation of lily. Journal of Horticultural Science, 35 (2), 301-311. (In Farsi).
  20. Huong, B. Th. Th., Gioi, D. H. & Thang, B. V. (2017). Optimisation of an in-vitro propagation protocol for a valuable lily (Lilium). Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (2), 227-232.
  21. Islam, Md. S., Kadir Roni, Md. Z. & Shimasaki, K. (2017). Factors affecting bulblet growth of Lilium in vitro and in vivo. Plant Omics Journal, 10 (5), 263-268.
  22. Khosravi, S., Vatanpour Azghandi, A., Haddad, R. & Mojtahedi, N. (2007). In-vitro propagation of a commericial cultivar of Lilium (Lilium longiflorum Ceb-Dazzle) through direct somatic embryogenesis. Seed and Plant, 23 (2), 159-168. (In Farsi).
  23. Kim, M. J., Hong, S. J. & Kim, H. K. (2013). Effect of bulblets size oriented from tissue culture on growth and bulb enlargement of Lilium oriental hybrids grown in highlands. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 31, 165-172.
  24. Kumar, S., Sharma, D. R., Sharma, Y. D. & Pathania, N. S. (2001). In vitro propagation of Asiatic hybrid lily from bulb scales. Indian Journal Agriculture Science, 71, 463-465.
  25. Kumar, S., Malik, A., Dahiya, D. S. & Kaur, M. (2018). Appraisal of Asiatic hybrid Lilium cultivars under playhouse growing condition in semi-arid Haryana, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7 (6), 3389-3394.
  26. Kundu, M., Suresh, K., Rajesh, L., & Sakshi. (2021). Effect of different media on in vitro rooting in different cultivar of Lilium longiflorum Elite, Brunello, Cordelia. Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal, 42 (4), 472-474.
  27. Langens-Gerrits, M. M., De Klerk, G. J. & Croes, A. F. (2003a). Phase change in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. Physiologia Plantarum, 119, 590-597.
  28. Langens-Gerrits, M. M., Kuijpers, A. M., De Klerk, G. J. & Croes, A. F. (2003b). Contribution of explant carbohydrate reserves and sucrose in the medium to bulb growth of lily regenerated on scale segments in vitro. Physiology Plant, 117, 245-255.
  29. Langens-Gerrits, M., Lilien-Kipnis, H., Croes, T., Miller, W. B., Kollöffel, C. & De Klerk, G. J. (1996). Bulb growth in lily regenerated in vitro. Acta Horticulture, 430, 267-274.
  30. Langens-Gerrits, M. M., Miller, W. B. M., Croes, A. F. & Klerk, G. J. (2003c). Effect of low temperature on dormancy breaking and growth after planting in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 267-275.
  31. Langens-Gerrits, M. M., Nashimoto, S., Croes, A. F. & De Klerk, G. J. (2001). Development of dormancy in different lily genotypes regenerated in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation, 34, 215-222.
  32. Le Nard, M. (1983). Physiology and storage of bulbs: concepts and nature of dormancy in bulbs. In: Lieberman M. (ed.), Post harvest physiology and crop preservation, NATO Advanced study institute series, Series A: Life science. Plenum press, New York, pp. 191-230.
  33. Le Nard, M. & De Hertogh, A. A. (1993). Bulb growth and development and flowering. In: De Hertogh A. and Le Nard M. (eds), The physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 29-43.
  34. Lestari, N. K. D., Deswiniyanti, N. W., Astarini, I. A. & Arpiwi, L. M. (2019). Callus and shoot induction of leaf culture Lilium longiflorum with NAA and BAP. Nusantara Bioscience, 11(2), 162-165.
  35. Liu, F. J., Sun, H. M. & Tian, Y. H. (2006). Effects of plant growth regulators on scale propagation in lily. Northern Horticulture, 30 (1), 40-42.
  36. Marinangeli, P. A., Hernandez, L. F., Pellegrini, N. R. & Curvetto, N. R. (2003). Bulblet differentiation after scale propagation of Lilium longiflorum. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 128, 324-329.
  37. Mojtahedi, N., Koobaz, P., Fathi, M., Dabirashrafi, O., Azadi, P. & Khosravi, S. (2014). Maturating, enlarging and breaking dormancy of in vitro Lilium International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 1 (2), 101-109.
  38. Naseri, M. & Ebrahimi, M. (1998). Physiology of bulbous flowers (translation). Mashhad University press, 352 pages. (In Farsi).
  39. Niimi, Y., Endo, Y. & Arisaka, E. (1988). Effects of chilling- and GA3-treatments on breaking dormancy in Lilium rubellum Baker bulblets cultured in vitro. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 57, 250-257.
  40. Padasht Dehkaei, M. N., Khalighi, A., Naderi, R. & Mousavi, A. (2006). Effects of temperature, propagation media and scale position on bulblet regeneration of chelcheragh Lily (Lilium ledebouri) by scaling method. Seed and Plant, 22 (3), 383-397. (In Farsi).
  41. Ranjbar, A. & Ahmadi, N. (2016). The effects of IBA and NAA, and rooting media on propagation of miniature rose cuttings (Rosa hybrida). Journal of Horticultural Science, 30 (3), 520-528. (In Farsi).
  42. Roberts, A. N. & Tomasovic, B. J. (1975). Predicting bulb size and maturity in Lilium longiflorum cultivars. Acta Horticulture, 47, 339-346.
  43. Saleem Khan, A. & Chaudhry, N. Y. (2006). GA3 improves flower yield in some cucurbits treated with lead and mercury. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 149-153.
  44. Shafiei-Masouleh, S. S. (2019). A critique of mass production of lily bulbs through tissue culture approach (Technical justification of Lilium bulb production). 11th Iranian Congress of Horticultural Sciences. 26-29 August, Urmia University, Iran, Urmia. (In Farsi).
  45. Shafyii-Masouleh, S. S., Hatamzadeh, A. & Samizadeh, H. (2010). Modeling flower bud elongation in hybrid lily ‘Menorca’ in response to gibberellin. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 51 (6), 566-572.
  46. Streck, N. A. (2002). A generalized vernalization response function for lily (Lilium). Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia, 10 (2), 221-228.
  47. Takayama, Sh. & Misawa, M. (1979). Differentiation in Lilium bulb scales grown in vitro. Effect of various cultural conditions. Physiologia Plantarum, 46, 184-190.
  48. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E (eds). (1998). Plant physiology. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA.
  49. Terui, K. & Okagami, N. (1988). Loss of short day requirement for dormancy breaking of bulbils from gibberellic acid-treated plants in Sedum bulbiferum. Plant Science, 58, 129-134.
  50. Thakur, R., Sood, A. & Nagar, P. (2006). Regulation of growth of Lilium plantlets in liquid medium by application of paclobutrazol or ancymidol, for its amenability in a bioreactor system: growth parameters. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 382-391.
  51. Tinus, R. W. & McDonald, S. E. (1979). How to grow tree seedlings in containers in greenhouses. General Technical Report Rm-60. Washington, DC: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental. Station, USDA Forest Service.
  52. Tymoszuk, J., Saniewski, M. & Rudnicki, R. M. (1979). The physiology of hyacinth bulbs. XV. The effect of gibberellic acid and silver nitrate on dormancy release and growth. Scientia Horticuturae, 11, 95-99.
  53. Van Tuyl, J. M. & Arens, P. (2011). Lilium: breeding history of the modern cultivar assortment. In: Grassotti, A., Burchi, G. (Eds). II International Symposium on the Genus Lilium. Acta Horticulturae, 900, 223-230.
  54. Wattimena, G. A. (1991). Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Tanaman. Bogor: PAU IPB.
  55. Xiuting, J., Yafan, H., Rulong, J. & Daocheng, T. (2020). Effects of temperature and plant growth regulators on the scale propagation of Lilium davidii unicolor. Hortscience, 55 (6), 870-875.
  56. Zarin, N., Shoor, M., Tehranifar, A. & Karimian, Z. (2019). Effect of day length and gibberrelic acid on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of chrysanthemum. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 51 (4), 979-993. (In Farsi).
  57. Zhang, W., Song, L. N., Teixeira da Silva, J. A. & Sun, H. M. (2013). Effects of temperature, plant growth regulators and substrates and changes in carbohydrate content during bulblet formation by twin scale propagation in Hippeastrum vittatum ‘Red lion’. Scientia Horticuturae, 160, 230-237.