The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Application on the Physico-Biochemical Responses of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Under Salinity Stress conditions

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan university, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Department of Plant medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Saravan university, Saravan, Iran

Abstract

Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses that affect the establishment of seedlings and the growth and yield of plants. Many studies have shown that applying silver nanoparticles improves plants' tolerance against stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of silver nanoparticles on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of French marigolds under salinity conditions. Therefore, a factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four replications. Seeds were planted in pots containing soil, manure, and sand, in the greenhouse condition. Salinity treatment was applied at 4 levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl), and foliar application of silver nanoparticles at 4 levels (0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm. The use of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the condition of no salinity resulted in the highest Fv/Fm (0.820) and increased the morphological characteristics of French marigolds, including the number of flowers. (27.27 %), flower diameter (10.27 %) and flower life (5.75 days). Based on the results, French marigolds is sensitive to high concentrations of sodium chloride (100 mM) as the morpho-physiological characteristics were negatively affected at this level of salinity. Nevertheless, the use of silver nanoparticles in two concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm showed positive effects on reducing the adverse effects of stress, but the concentration of 100 ppm of silver nanoparticles not only did not reduce the effects of stress but also had negative effects on most the measured characteristics. Therefore, the use of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm can be recommended to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress in French marigold.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses that affect the establishment of seedlings and the growth and yield of green space plants. Salinity stress reduces the intensity of photosynthesis due to several factors such as dehydration of the cell membrane and as a result reduction in CO2 penetration, toxicity by salt, and reduction in the amount of CO2 due to the closing of the stomata. Salinity stress also accelerates the aging process and changes the activity of enzymes. Many studies have shown that the application of silver nanoparticles can improve plants' tolerance against abiotic stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on flower traits and some physio-biochemical characteristics of French marigold under salinity stress conditions.

 

Materials and Methods

This experiment was conducted in May 2021 in a greenhouse condition. French marigold seeds (Tagetes patula L.) were planted in plastic pots containing a soil mixture including soil, rotted manure, and sand with a weight ratio of 2:1:1. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The first factor was salinity treatment at 3 levels (25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440, and 9.520 ds/m) and the second factor was the foliar application of silver nanoparticles at 3 levels (10, 50, and 100 ppm). Some physio-biochemical traits such as flower life, chlorophyll content, proline content, enzyme activity and  Fv/Fm were measured and LSD test was used to compare the differences between treatments.

 

Results and Discussion

The results showed that in plants exposed to the different concentrations of sodium chloride the amount of all examined traits significantly decreased, except the amount of proline, which increased by increasing the concentration of sodium chloride. Application of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm significantly improved the evaluated parameters under salinity stress conditions. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (0.820) was obtained in both 10 and 50 ppm concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The increase in the ornamental characteristics of French marigolds including the number of flowers (27.27%), flower diameter (10.27%) and flower life (5.75 days), ) were observed under salt stress conditions.  Chlorophyl a (16.50 mg/g FW), chlorophyl b (8.06 mg/g FW), total chlorophyl (24.66 mg/g FW) and carotenoids (3.13 mg/gr FW also increased under salinity stress. According to the results, the examined enzymes showed the lowest activity in the following treatments: catalase (1.14 units/gr of FW) in the treatment without sodium chloride and foliar spraying of 50 ppm silver nanoparticles; peroxidase (1.40 units/gr of FW) in the treatment without sodium chloride and application of 10 ppm silver nanoparticles, and ascorbate (0.377 units/gr of FW) in the treatment without sodium chloride and 10 ppm silver nanoparticles. Salinity stress caused a significant decrease in the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), which is caused by the disturbance in the activity of photosystem II. The adverse effect of salinity on the efficiency of photosystem II is due to its role in inhibiting electron transfer, it also destroys the reaction centers in photosystem II. Salinity stress hurts the activity of enzymes involved in the process of photosynthesis and electron transport chains. It ultimately leads to a decrease in the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Accumulation of toxic ions in chloroplast during salinity stress causes chlorophyll destruction by creating oxidative stress. Also, salt stress by stimulating the glutamate ligase enzyme causes more conversion of glutamate to proline and as a result, the production of chlorophyll decreases.

 

Conclusion

The results of this study indicated that salinity stress, particularly at the concentration of 100 mM sodium chloride, had undesirable effects on the physiological, biochemical, and ornamental characteristics of French marigolds. Many of these adverse effects can be alleviated by utilizing silver nanoparticles at 10 and 50 ppm concentration. Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at the concentration of 10 and 50 ppm can have a positive effect on the growth and yield of flowers both in salt stress and normal conditions.

References

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Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume 55, Issue 2
August 2024
Pages 313-330

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History

  • Receive Date: 17 November 2023
  • Revise Date: 20 January 2024
  • Accept Date: 16 February 2024

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