Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Foliar Application of Amino acid on Growth and Yield Indices of ' Akbari ' Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic amendments, phosphorus and amino acid as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications on Akbari cultivar of pistachio. Treatments include six levels of organic and chemical fertilizers (no application (F1), 20ton/ha cow manure (F2), 15ton/ha cow manure+5ton/ha poultry manure (F3), 10ton/ha cow manure+4ton/ha poultry manure+6ton/ha pistachio waste biochar (F4), 20ton/ha cow manure+300kg/ha of diammonium phosphate (F5), 20ton/ha cow manure+300kg/ha of triple superphosphate (F6)) and three levels of amino acid foliar application (0 (AA0), 60 (AA60) and 120ppm (AA120)). The results showed that the simultaneous application of F6 and AA120 led to a significant increase in chlorophyll, number of spikes, fresh and dry weight of pistachios, number of seeds per spike, concentration of phosphorus and potassium and decrease in Na/K compared to control and their separate application. F6 treatment led to a significant increase in branch length and diameter, leaf area, weight of hundred seeds, laughing percentage and relative water content (17.6, 41.9, 52.8, 21.7, 38.1 and 51.9%, respectively) significantly decreased number of pistachio in one ounce and percentage of emptiness (10.9% and 42.8%, respectively). Application of AA120 significantly increased leaf area compared to the control. Mixing cattle, poultry and biochar fertilizers of pistachio wastes (F4) along with AA60 and AA120 had a positive effect on number of cluster, fresh and dry weight of pistachios. Simultaneous application of cow manure, superphosphate triple and amino acid seems to have a positive effect on pistachio yield.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The low content of organic matter in the soils is one of the problems in arid and semi-arid regions, and can affect the soil physicochemical properties and plant yield. Application of organic amendments, such as animal manure and biochar improve the physical properties of the soil and increase its nutrients content. On the other hand, in calcareous soils, phosphorus is fixed and this makes it to a large extent unavailable to the plant. The application of fertilizers containing phosphorus has a positive effect on plant growth and yield. In addition, the use of amino acids leads to saving energy in environmental stress conditions, which ultimately increases plant resistance.

 

Materials and Methods

 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic amendments, different forms of phosphorus and application of amino acid as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications on Akbari cultivar of pistachio. Treatments included six levels of organic and chemical fertilizers as: no fertilizers application (F1), 20 t/ha cow manure (F2), 15 t/ha cow manure+5 t/ha poultry manure (F3), 10 t/ha cow manure+4 t/ha poultry manure+6 t/ha pistachio waste biochar (F4), 20 t/ha cow manure+300 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate (F5), 20 t/ha cow manure+300 kg/ha of triple superphosphate (F6) and three levels of amino acid foliar application as: 0 (AA0), 60 (AA60) and 120 ppm (AA120).

 

Results

    The results obtained from analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of amino acid and organic and chemical fertilizers was significant on the chlorophyll index (p < 0.05), as well as number of cluster, number of nuts in cluster, fresh and dry weight of pistachio nut, concentration of phosphorus, potassium and Na/K ratio (p < 0.01) indices. The effect of application of organic amendments and phosphorus fertilizer was significant on branch diameter and number of reproductive buds (p < 0.05), branch length, leaf area, weight of one hundred nuts, ounce, dehiscent nuts percentage, RWC and Na concentration (p < 0.01).The results showed that the simultaneous application of F6 and AA120 led to a significant increase in chlorophyll content, number of fruit clusters, fresh and dry weight of pistachio nuts, number of nuts per cluster, concentration of phosphorus and potassium, and decrease in Na/K, compared to control and their separate application. F6 treatment led to a significant increase in branch length and diameter, leaf area, weight of hundred nuts, percentage of dehiscent nuts and relative water content (17.6, 41.9, 52.8, 21.7, 38.1 and 51.9%, respectively). It also caused significant reduction in the number of nuts per ounce and the percentage of blank fruits (10.9% and 42.8%, respectively), compared to the control. Application of AA120 significantly increased the leaf area, compared to the control. A mixture of cattle and poultry manures, and biochar fertilizer of pistachio wastes (F4), along with AA60 and AA120 had a positive effect on number of fruit cluster, and fresh and dry weight of nuts. It seems that the simultaneous application of cow manure, superphosphate triple and amino acid has a positive effect on pistachio trees yield.

 

Conclusion

    The results of the present research showed that the application of organic amendments and phosphorus fertilizer has a positive effect on the growth indices, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium elements, and the yield characteristics of pistachio. Also, the use of waste biochar in combination with cow and poultry manures had positive effects on chlorophyll content and grain yield indices, and it can be used in mixing with animal fertilizers. Regarding the stabilization of phosphorus in calcareous soils, the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers, especially triple superphosphate, on plant characteristics was evident. Foliar spraying of amino acid had a positive effect on growth indices, such as leaf surface and yield. The conspicuous point of this research was that the simultaneous application of organic amendments, phosphorus and foliar spraying of 120 ppm of amino acid had a better effect on the evaluated characteristics and can be used in pistachio orchards.

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Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume 54, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 175-194

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History

  • Receive Date: 23 June 2022
  • Revise Date: 18 February 2023
  • Accept Date: 13 March 2023

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