Phytochemical Diversity of Fruit Essential Oil among Sumac Populations from West of Iran and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Research Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

Evaluation of phytochemical diversity among wild populations of a plant species is the first step for its conservation and domestication. Rhus coriaria L. is a shrub with valuable fruits in viewpoint of medicinal properties, due to its essential oil, fixed oil, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates. In the present study, fruit essential oils of eight populations of sumac (Paveh, Kasnazan, Somaqlu, Kani Guyz, Kamaleh, Dagaga, Bakhan and Ziviyeh) from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces were extracted by clevenger and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, and correlations of essential oil components with environmental factors were investigated. The considerable variations were observed among populations in viewpoint of number, type and amount of essential oil compounds. The dominant components of essential oil in different populations had significant differences. Cembrene A, one of the important constituents of sumac essential oil was present in all populations and the highest (41.2%) and lowest (13.4%) amounts of cembrene A were determined in Paveh and Dagaga populations, respectively. Principal component analysis grouped essential oil compounds into seven components, which accounted for 100% of the total variance between populations. The first two components explained 52.14% of the total variance, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, β-pinene, (2,E)-undecanal, camphene, and cis-ocimene (with factor coefficients of 0.926, 0.879, 0.85, 0.834 and -0.875 in PC1, respectively) were the most effective compounds in the separation of populations. Cluster analysis divided the populations into five different groups. Significant correlations were obtained between essential oil compounds and environmental factors, which can be used in the domestication process of sumac.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

    Evaluation of phytochemical diversity among wild populations is the first step in the conservation and domestication of a wild plant species. Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is a shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family with valuable fruits in viewpoint of essential oil, fixed oil, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates. The antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of sumac have been proven, and it is also effective in preventing heart, cancer, liver and diabetes diseases.

 

Materials and Methods

   In this reaserch, fruits of eight populations of sumac were harvested in full ripening stage from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces (Paveh, Kasnazan, Somaqlu, Kani Guyz, Kamaleh, Dagaga, Bakhan and Ziviyeh). Then, fruit essential oils were extracted based on water distillation method by Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the essential oil components with climatic and soil properties, mean comparison of the essential oil components (based on Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level), principal components analysis, and cluster analysis (based on squared Euclidean distance and Ward’s method) were done using SPSS software (ver. 25). The Statgraphics software (ver.19) was used to draw the biplot of the populations based on the essential oil components.

 

Results and Discussion

   The considerable variations were observed among populations in viewpoint of number, type and amount of essential oil components. The lowest number (23) of identified compounds in the essential oil was belonged to the Paveh population and the highest number (33) was belonged to the Bakhan and Ziviyeh populations.The identified compounds were accounted 81.1% (Paveh population) to 96.5% (Degaga population) of the total essential oil. The dominant components of essential oil in different populations had significant differences. Cembrene A, one of the important constituents of sumac essential oil, was present in all populations and the highest (41.2%) and lowest (13.4%) amounts of cembrene A were observed in Paveh and Dagaga populations, respectively. Principal component analysis grouped essential oil compounds into 7 components, which accounted for 100% of the total variance between populations. The first two components explained 52.14% of the total variance, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, β-pinene, (2,E)-undecanal, camphene, and cis-ocimene (with factor coefficients of 0.926, 0.879, 0.85, 0.834 and -0.875 in PC1, respectively) were the most effective compounds in the separation of populations. Cluster analysis divided the populations into five different groups, although the genetic distances of the populations were not in accordance with their geographical distances. Significant correlations were obtained between essential oil compounds and environmental factors which can be used in the domestication process of sumac.

 

Conclusion

   The notable differences in the essential oil composition of the studied sumac populations can be due to the differences in genetics or habitat conditions. The introduction of the elite population depends on the target compound. By considering Cembrene as a target compound, the Paveh population can be introduced as a desirable population. However, to achieve a more reliable result, all populations should be evaluated under the same conditions.

 

References

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Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume 54, Issue 3
November 2023
Pages 383-401

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History

  • Receive Date: 28 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 13 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 19 June 2023

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