Trends of carbohydrate changes and the effect of NAA on yield and alternate ‎bearing of Miyagawa Satsuma mandarin‏ ‏‎(Citrus unshiu cv. Miyagawa)‎

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Soil and Water Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education ‎Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of HorticultureCrops Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and ‎Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

Abstract

In order to investigate the state of carbohydrates and the effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) application on yield and alternate bearing of Miyagawa Satsuma mandarin, two separate experiments were performed an Miyagawa Satsuma mandarin oechard. In the first experiment, the trend of changes in the concentration of carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starches) in the leaves and roots of trees were investigated. The second experiment were performed as randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications during 7 years. Treatments included: control; 150, 300 and 450 mg/l NAA spraying before physiological abscission of fruitlets. The results of the first experiment showed that the average changes of starch and soluble sugars in foliar leaves and roots were about 6.3 times and 2.34 times higher, respectively. The results of the second experiment showed that NAA application in the first stage of fruit growth in “on” years, increased yield in “off” years, and gradually yield variation in “on” and “off” years decreased. So that treatment 300 mg NAA l-1 had the highest cumulative yield and the lowest alternate bearing index. However, all NAA treatments reduced alternate bearing index compare to control, significantly. Therefore, based on the results of this project to modulate alternate bearing, spray NAA in “on” at a concentration of 300 milligrams per liter from 25 days after flowering to about 40 days after flowering is recommended.

Keywords


  1. Adoli, B., Golain, B., Ghasami, M. & Raheb, S. (2014). The effect of foliar foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid as a fruit thinner in controlling the annual Enshu mandarin. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 12, 125-133.
  2. Arzani, K. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2000). Size and quality of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) as affected by 2, 4-D and NAA. Journal of Seed and Plant, 16(4), 450-459. (In Farsi).
  3. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. (2021). Calcium and Fruit Trees. (1st ed). Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (In Farsi).
  4. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. (2019). Nutrition management of citrus trees (1th ed). Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (In Farsi).
  5. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2021). Effect of urea spray accordance with growth phenology on yield and alternate bearing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 52(1), 99-111. (In Farsi).
  6. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., Savaghebi, Gh.R. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2011). Reducing of citrus alternate bearing by managing of nitrogen using and pruning in East of Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 42(3), 217-225. (In Farsi).
  7. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2019). Reduction of citrus alternate bearing by using balance fertilizers, nitrogen management, pruning and fruit thinning. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Soil and Water Research Institute, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Final report of projet 34-60-1017-89078. (In Farsi).
  8. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2014a). Advanced and applied citrus nutrition (1st ed). Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (In Farsi).
  9. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. &Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2014b). Advanced and applied citrus nutrition (1st ed). Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (In Farsi).
  10. Asadi Kangarshahi, A. & Akhlaghi Amiri, N. (2009b). Investigation on physiochemical condition and fertilization methods to citrus garden of Mazanaran, Iran. 11th International Citrus Congress, Wuhan, China (28-30 October, 2008, p.186).
  11. Bashour, I. & Sayegh, A.A. (2007). Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi-arid regions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 49-53.
  12. Davies, F.S. & Albrigo, G. (1994). Citrus. Red Wood Books, Britain.
  13. Dubois, M., Giles, K.A., Mamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Journal of Anaytical Chemistry, 28, 350 – 356.
  14. Galliani, S., Monselise, S.P. & Goren, R. (1975). Improving fruit size and breaking alternate bearing in “Wilking” mandarin by ethephon and other agents. HortScience, 10, 68-69.
  15. Garcia-Luis, A., Fornes, F. & Guardiola, J.L. (1995). Leaf carbohydrates and flower formation in citrus. Journal American Society Horticultural Science, 120, 222-227.
  16. Goldschmidth, E.E. & Golomb, A. (1982). The carbohydrate balance of alternate bearing citrus trees and the significance of reserves for flowering and fruiting. Journal American Society Horticultural Science, 107, 206-208.
  17. Goldschmidth, E.E. (1999). Carbohydrate supply as a critical factor for citrus fruit development and productivity. HortScience, 34, 1020-1024.
  18. Goldschmidth, E.E. (2005). Regulatory aspects of alternate bearing in fruit tree. ItalusHortus, 12, 11-17.
  19. Greenberg, J. & Kaplan, I. (2006). Effects of auxins sprays on yield, fruit size, fruit splitting and the incidence of creasing of Nova mandarin. Acta Horticulture, 727, 249-259.
  20. Greenberg, J., Hertzano, Y. & Eshel, G. (1992). Effect of 2, 4-D, ethephon and NAA on fruit size of starruby red grapefruit. Proceeding International Society for Citriculture, 1, 520-523.
  21. Guardiola, J.L. (2000). Regulation of flwering and fruit development: Endogenous factors and exogenous manipulation. Proceeding of 7th International Society for Citriculture, 8-13 March. Acireale, Italy, pp. 342-346.
  22. Guardiola, J.L. & Garcia-Luis, A. (1997). Thinning effects on citrus yield and fruit size. Acta Horticulturae, 453, 463-473.
  23. Guardiola, J.L. & Lazaro, E. (1987). The effect of synthetic auxins on fruit growth and anatomical development in Satsuma mandarin. Scientia Horticulture, 31, 119-130.
  24. Hifny, H.A., Khalifa, S.M., Hamdy, A., & Wahed, A.N. (2017). Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth, yield and fruit quality of Washington navel orange. Eygptian journal of Horticuture, 44, 33-43.
  25. Jones, W.W., Embleton, T.W., Barnhart, E.L. & Cree, C.B. (1974). Effect of time and amount of fruit thining on leaf carbohydrate and fruit set in Valencia orange. Hilgardia, 42, 441-449.
  26. Kassas, S., Ahmed, M., Sese, A. & Mohammed, A. (1994). Physiological studies on some factors affecting alternate bearing in Balady mandarin. B: Effect of modified concentration of NAA, 2, 4-D, ethephone and gibberllic acid. Assiut Journal Agricultural Science, 25, 155-169.
  27. Lewis, L.N., Coggins, C.W. & Heild, H.Z. (1964). The effect of biennial bearing and NAA on the carbohydrate and nitrogen composition of Wilking mandarin leaves. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 84, 147-151.
  28. Ma, G., Zhang, L., Kudaka, R., Inhaba, H., Furuya, T., Kitamura, M., Kitaya, Y., Yamamoto, R., Yahata, M., Matsumoto, H. & Kato, M.)2021(. Exogenous application of ABA and NAA alleviates the delayed coloring caused by puffing inhibitors in citrus fruit. Cells, 308, 1-13.
  29. Monselise, S.P. & Goldschmidt, E.E. (1982). Alternate bearing in fruit trees. In: Horticultural reviews, 4, AVI Publishing Company, 128-174.
  30. Mupambi, G. (2010). Studius to reduce the size of the Navel-end opening of Navel oranges. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of AgriSciences, at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  31. Omma, G. (2012). Fruit thinning growth specific refrence to citrus species. Agriculture Biology of North America, 3, 175-191.
  32. Ortola, A.G., Monerri, G. & Guardiola, J.L. (1991). The use of naphthalene acetic acid as a fruit growth enhancer in Satsuma mandarin, a comparison with the fruit thinning effect. Scientia Horticulturae, 47, 15- 25.
  33. Sleem, B.A., Malik, A.V., Pervez, M.A., Khan, A.S. & Khan, M.N. (2008). Spring application of growth regulators affects fruit quality of ' Blood Red' sweet orange. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40, 1013-1023.
  34. Schalk, I. (2012). Studies on the phenology and carbohydrate status of alternate bearing “Nadorcoth” mandarin trees. M.Sc.Thesis, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  35. Rebolledo, R., Garcia, A. & Guardiola, B. (2012). Effect of 2.4-D applicaton on the abscission and fruit growth in sweet orange. Agronomia, 3, 34-40.
  36. Turkals, M., Inal, B., Okay, S., Eekilic, E.G., Dundar, E., Hernandez, P., Doredo, G. & Unver, T. (2013). Nutrition metabolism plays an important role in the alternate bearing of olive tree. PLOS ONE, 8, 1-15.
  37. Verreynne, J.S. (2005). The mechanism and underlying physiology perpetuating alternate bearing in “Pixie” mandarin. Ph. Thesis. University of California. USA.
  38. Wheaton, T.A. & Stewart, I. (1973). Fruit thinning of tangerines with naphthalene acetic acid. Florida State Horticultural Society, 86, 48-52.