Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science

Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science

Investigation on the effect of alternate bearing and 2,4-D application on changes in reserved starch and activity of abscission enzymes in Satsuma mandarin

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors
Babak Adouli 1
Zabihollah Zamani 2
Mohammad Reza Fattahi Moghadam 2
Behrouz Golein 3
Karamatollah Rezaee 2
1 Ph.D. Student and Professor, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Professor, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Ramsar, Iran
10.22059/ijhs.2017.202638.974
Abstract
The effect of seasonal changes pattern of internal carbohydrates of trees on flowering, fruit set, and fruit development is an important subject for orchard management and physiology of fruit production. With the aim of alternate bearing control, a research was performed based on RCBD design under dry farming condition at Ramsar on 24 years old of Satsuma mandarin trees. Main purposes of this research were to investigate the partitioning of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates of trees during on and off  years, evaluating the relation between carbohydrate reserves, flowering and fruit set, effect of 2,4-D foliar application on carbohydrate partitioning, abscission enzymes activity, control of alternate bearing and crop quantity and fruit quality. Results showed that bearing level had a meaningful effect on carbohydrate partitioning and its seasonal fluctuations. Activity of abscission enzymes were affected by crop load as well as exogenous 2,4-D application. Results also showed that 2,4-D could regulate alternate bearing of Satsuma mandarin trees and improve fruit weight. Based on obtained information, the leaf starch content at the end of June-drop is a reliable biochemical index for predicting of final individual fruit weight at the same year as well as the flower density in the next year.
Keywords
Carbohydrate
citrus
Fruit abscission
fruit set
Subjects
  1. Adney, B. & Baker, J. (2008). Measurement of cellulase activities: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). From http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/42628.pdf
  2. Agusti, J., Merelo, P., Cercos, M., Tadeo, F. R. & Talon, M. (2008). Ethylene-induced differential gene expression during abscission of citrus leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(10), 2717-2733.
  3. Brashr, E. W. (2002). Effect of Crop Level on Yield Components, Fruit and Wine Composition, and Wood Carbohydrate Reserves of Pinot Noir Grapes. M.Sc. Thesis. Oregon State University, USA.
  4. Chica, E. J. (2011). Expression Patterns of Flowering Genes during Flower Induction and Determination in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Florida, USA.
  5. Dovis, V. L., Machadob, E. C., Ribeiroc, R. V., Magalhaes, J. R., Marchiorib, F. E. R. & Sales, C. (2014). Roots are important sources of carbohydrates during flowering and fruiting in ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees with varying fruit load. Scientia Horticulturae, 174, 87-95
  6. Faize, M., Sugiyama, T. & Ishii, H. (2003). Polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from Japanese pear: Possible involvement in resistance against scab. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 63, 319-327.
  7. Fumie, N., Iwasaki, M., Fukamachi, H., Nonaka, K., Imai, A., Takishita, F., Yano, T. & Endo, T. (2012). Fruit bearing suppresses citrus flowering locus T expression in vegetative shoots of ‘Satsuma’ mandarin. Journal of the Japan Society for Horticultural Science, 81(1), 48-53.
  8. García-Luis, A., Fornes, F. & Guardiola, J. L. (1995). Leaf carbohydrates and flower formation in Citrus. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 120, 222-227.
  9. Garcia-Luis, A., Oliveira, M. E., Bordon, Y., Siqueira, D. L., Tominaga, S. & Guardiola, J. L. (2002). Dry matter accumulation in citrus fruit is not limited by transport capacity of the pedicel. Annals of Botany, 90(6), 755-764.
  10. Goldschmidt, E. E. & Koch, K. E. (1996). Citrus. In: Zamski, E. & Schaffer, A. A. (eds), Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops: Source-sinks relationships. Marcel Dekker, Inc. America.
  11. Goren, R. & Huberman, M. (1976). Effects of ethylene and 2,4-D on the activity of cellulase isoenzymes in abscission zones of the developing orange fruit. Physiolgia Plantarum, 37, 123-130.
  12. Greenberg, J., Goren, R. & Riov, J. (1975). Role of cellulase and polygalaturonase in abscission of young and mature ‘Shamouti’ orange fruits. Physiologia Plantarum, 34, 1-7.
  13. Guardiola, J. L. (1992). Regulation of flowering and fruit development: Endogenous factors and exogenous manipulation. In: Proceedings of 7th International Society for Citriculture, 8-13 March. Acireale, Italy, pp. 342-346.
  14. Iglesias, D. J., Tadeo, F. R., Primo-Millo, E. & Talon, M. (2003). Fruit set dependence on carbohydrate availability in citrus trees. Tree Physiology, 23, 199-204
  15. Iglesias, D. J., Tadeo, F. R., Primo-Millo, E. & Talon, M. (2006). Carbohydrate and ethylene levels related to fruitlet drop through abscission zone A in citrus. Trees, 20, 348-355.
  16. Izak, S. (2012). Studies on the Phenology and Carbohydrate Status of Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
  17. McCready, R. M., Guggolz, J., Silviera, V. & Owens, H. S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Analytical Chemistry, 22(9), 1156- 1158.
  18. Martinez-Alcantara, B., Iglesias, D. J., Reig, C., Mesejo, C. & Primo-Millo, E. (2015). Carbon utilization by fruit limits shoot growth in alternate bearing citrus trees. Journal of Plant Physiology, 176, 108-117.
  19. Mataa, M., Tominaga, S. & Kozaki, I. (1996). Seasonal changes of carbohydrate constituents in ‘Ponkan’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Journal of Japan Society for Horticultural Sciences, 65, 513-523.
  20. Monerri, C., Fortunato-Almeida, A., Molina, R. V., Nebauer, S. G., Garcia-Luis, A. & Guardiola, J. L. (2011). Relation of carbohydrate reserves with the forthcoming crop, flower formation and photosynthetic rate, in the alternate bearing ‘Salustiana’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 129, 71-78.
  21. Monselise, S. P. & Goldschmidt, E. E. (1982). Alternate bearing in fruit trees. Horticultural Review, 4, 128-173.
  22. Mostofi, Y. & Najafi, F. (2006). Laboratory Manual of Analytical Technics in Horticulture. University of Tehran. pp.21-25. (in Farsi)
  23. Nebauer, S. G., Renau-Morata, B., Lluch, Y., Baroja-Fernández, E., Pozueta-Romero, J. & Molina, R. (2014). Influence of crop load on the expression patterns of starch metabolism genes in alternate-bearing citrus trees. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 80, 105-113
  24. Rebolledo, A., García-Luis, A. & Guardiola, J. L. (2012). Effect of 2.4-D exogenous application on the abscission and fruit growth in Sweet orange cv. Salustiana. Agronomía Colombiana, 30(1), 34-40
  25. Rebolledo, A., García-Luis, A., Guardiola, J. L. & Monerri, C. (2015). Effect of 2,4-D on fruit sugar accumulation and invertase activity in sweet orange cv. Salustiana, Australian Journal of Crop Science, 9(2), 105-111.
  26. Schaffer, A., Goldschmidt, E. & Galili, D. (1985). Fruit set and carbohydrate status in alternate and non-alternatebearing Citrus cultivars. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110, 574-578.
Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume 48, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
Winter 2018
Pages 479-486

  • Receive Date 30 March 2016
  • Revise Date 15 June 2016
  • Accept Date 28 June 2016