Investigation of the effects of salt stress on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of different landraces of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum - graecum L.)

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 M. Sc. Student, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Professor, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Fenugreek is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry. In order to investigate the effects of salinity stress on relative water content, membrane stability, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, sodium to potassium ratio and proline, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2013. Experimental treatments were combination of eight fenugreek landraces (Isfahan, Tabriz, Hamedan, Sari, Challous, Amol, Mashhad and Yasooj) and four salinity levels (60, 120 and 180 mM NaCl and tap water as a control). Comparison of treatment means revealed significant differences among different salinity levels on relative humidity, membrane stability, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, sodium, and potassium and proline amount. Different levels of salinity led to significant reductions in all of measured in except of proline, sodium and sodium to potassium. The maximum amount of physiological and biochemical characteristics belonged to control (0 mM). The maximum of sodium, sodium to potassium and proline were observed in the salinity level of 180 mM compared to control. Between landraces, Challous, Mashhad, and Isfahan showed the highest amount in most of the studied characteristics in comparison with others. According to the results, these three landraces can be considered as the landraces which contains genes of salt tolerance that could be used to improve genotypes with high potential yield in salin condation.

Keywords


  1. Apse, M. P. & Blumwald, E. (2002). Engineering salt tolerance in plant. Journal of Biotechnology, 13, 146-150.
  2. Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S. & RHA, E. S. (2004). Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.). Journal of Photosynthetica, 42(4), 543-550.
  3. Blum, A. & Ebercon, A. (1981). Cell membrane stability as a measure of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Journal of Crop Science, 21, 43-47.
  4. Chookhampaeng, S. (2011). The Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content proline content and antioxidative enzymes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling. European Journal of Scientific Research, 49,103-109.
  5. Franncois, L. E., Donavan, T. J., Mass, E.V. & Rubenthaler, G.L. (1988). Effect of salinity on grain yield and quality, vegetative growth and germination of triticale. Journal of American Society of Agronomy, 156, 1256-1021.
  6. Gadallah, M.A.A. (1999). Effects of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress. Journal of Biologia Plantarum, 42, 249-257.
  7. Graifen berg, A., Botrini, L., Giustiniani, L. & Lipuccidipaola, M. (1996). Salinity affects growth yield and element concentration of fennel. Journal of Hort Science, 31(7), 1131-1134.
  8. Hanson, B.R., Grattan, R. & Fulton, A. (1999). Agricultural salinity and drainage. University of California Irrigation Program University of California. Davis. USDA., USA.
  9. Heidari Sharif Abad, H. (2001). Plants and salinity. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands press. Tehran. (in Farsi)
  10. Hejazi, A., Shahroodi, M. & Ard Foroush, J. (2005). Analytical methods of vegetation. The first edition of Tehran University Press. (in Farsi)
  11. Jacoby, B. (1999). Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of plants. Handbook of plant and crop stress, 2, 97-123.
  12. Kafi, M. & Mehdi Damghani, M. (2002). Mechanisms of environmental stress resistance in plants. Author. Basra, A.S and Basra, A.R.K. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press.
  13. Kafi, M., Asadi, H. & Ganjeali, A.­ (2010a). Possible utilization of high-salinity waters and application of low amounts of water for production of the halophyte Kochia scoparia as alternative fodder in saline agroecosystems. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 97, 139-147.
  14. Kafi, M., Borzouei, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, E., Masumi, E. & Nabati, J. (2010b). Physiologyofplantstoenvironmentalstresses. Mashhad University Press. P. 502. (in Farsi)
  15. Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Ince, F., Amador, B. M., Caki, A. & Sakar, E. (2003). Ameliorative effects of potassium phosphate onsalt-stressed pepper and cucumber. JournalofPlantNutrition, 26, 807-820.
  16. Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M.Z. & Hameed, A. (2006). Effect of sea salt and L- ascorbic acid on the seed germination of halophytes. Journal of Arid Environments, 67, 535-540.
  17. Khavari Nejad, R. (1997). Plantphysiology practical. Publishers Omidi Tehran, 150-154. (in Farsi)
  18. Madan, S., Nainwatee, H. S., Jain, R. K. & Chowdhury, J. B. (2005). Proline and proline metabolizing enzymes in invitro selected NaCl tolerant Brassica juncea under salt stress. Journal of Annals of Botany, 76, 51- 57.
  19. Marcum, K. B. (1998). Cell membrane theromotability and whole-plant heat tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass. Journal of Crop Science Socity of America, 38, 1214-1218.
  20. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Journal of Plant, Cell and Environment, 25, 239-250.
  21. Navari, I. F., Izzo, R., Bottazzi, F. & Ranieri, A. (1988). Effects of water stress and salinity on sterols in Zea mays shoots. Journal of Phytochemistry, 27(10), 3109-3116.
  22. Omid baigi, R. (2004). Productionandprocessingofmedicinalplants. Astane Ghodse Razavi Publication. (in Farsi)
  23. Parida, A. K. & Das, A. B. (2005). Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60, 324-349.
  24. Parvaiz, A. & Satyawati, S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-blochemical responses of plants. Journal of Plant Soil Environ, 54, 89-99. 
  25. Saha, P., Chatterjee, P. & Biswas, A.K. (2010). NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of ntioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mugbean (Vigina radiate L.). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 593-600.
  26. Salehi, M., Koocheki, A. & Nasiri Mahalati, M. (2005). The amount of nitrogen and chlorophyll content as an indicator of salinity in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (27): 22-1. (In Farsi).
  27. Santos, C. V. (2004). Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 93-99.
  28. Shannon, M. C. & Grieve, C. M. (1999). Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae, 78, 5-38.
  29. Taherzadeh, M. H. (2005). Determination of the distribution of Khuzestan saline and sodic soils in the province to support RS-GIS and improvements of the methods they use ordinary water and salt water. In: Proceedings of theseminaronwater. Agriculture and future challenges, 85-64. (in Farsi)
  30. Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. E. (1998). Journal of Plant physiology. Sinauer Assoc., Inc. NY, USA. 489.
  31. Tester, M. & Davenport, R. (2003). Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Journal of Annals of Botany, 91, 503-527.
  32. Udagawa, Y., Ito, T., Tognoni, F.,­ Nukaya, A. & Maruo, T. (1995). Some responses of dill (Anethum graveolens L) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), grown in hydroponics to the concentration of nutrient solution. Journal of Acta Horticulturae, 396, 203-210.
  33. Yarnia, M., Heydari Sharif Abad, H., Hashemi Dezfuli, A., Rahim Zadeh Khui, F. & Ghalavand, A. (2005). Evaluation of tolerance to salinity in alfalfa lines (Medicago sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(4), 12-26.
  34. Yeo, A. R. & Flowers, T. J. (1984). Mechanisms of salinity resistance in rice and their role as physiological criteria in plant breeding in salinity tolerance in plants. Strategies for Crop Improvement, 151-170.
  35. Zhang, S., Weng, J., Pan, J., Tu, T., Yao, S. & Xu, C. (2003). Study on the photogeneration of superoxide radicals in Photosystem II with EPR spin trapping techniques. Journal of Photosynthesis Research, 75, 41-48.