Variability of physical and phytochemical criteria of pot marigold (Calendula offıcinalis L.) flowers under different drying methods and plant nutrient source

Document Type : Full Paper

Authors

1 . Assistant Professor, Former M.Sc. Student and Professor, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Medicinal Plant and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

With considering importance of post harvest operation on quality criteria of pot marigold (Calendula offıcinalis L.), the effect of flower nutrient source (organic inputs such as cattle manure (25 t ha-1), municipal waste compost (20 t ha-1), spent mushroom compost (15 t ha-1), vermicompost (15 t ha-1) and control) as well as different drying methods including microwave (300, 600 and 900 W), oven (60, 70 and 80oC) and natural-shade drying in room temperature were investigated on physical and phytochemical characteristics of flowers in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in Research Laboratories ofUniversity College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti University during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Criteria such as drying kinetic, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, total phenolic compounds and total carotenoid were evaluated. Results indicated that organic inputs had no significant effects on quality criteria of pot marigold except of total flavonoid content while drying methods significantly affected phytochemical criteria. Application of microwave 300, 600 and 900 W resulted in highest amount of total flavonoid content, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, respectively. However, oven drying caused the lowest amount of phytochemical criteria. Interaction effect of nutrient source and drying method significantly affected antioxidant activity in which the highest amount of antioxidant activity was obtained in combination of vermicompost and microwave 900 W. In addition, application of vermicompost combined with oven drying at 60oC caused the lowest amount of antioxidant activity. Based on results of drying curves trend, drying of flowers by microwave showed a faster drying rate than oven and natural-shade drying in which by increasing microwave power and oven temperature, time of flower drying decreased whereas slope of moisture content reduction curve showed accelerated trend. In general, selection of optimum drying method depends on several factors and also it should be considered based on optimum use of energy and effective cost.

Keywords

References

  1.  

    1.       Abdullah, S., Ahmad, M.S., Shaari, A.R. & Johar, H.M. (2011). Drying characteristics and herbal metabolites composition of misai kucing (Orthosiphon staminiues Benth.) leaves. In: Proceedings of International conference on food engineering and biotechnology, 7th - 9th May, Bangkok, Thailand.

    2.       Ahmadi, K., Sefidkon, F. & Asareh M.H. (2008). Effects of different drying methods on quality and quantity of essential oil of three genotypes of Rosa damascene Mill. Iranian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 24(2), 162-176. (in Farsi)

    3.       Alibas, I. (2007). Microwave, air and combined microwave–air drying parameters of pumpkin slices. Food, Science & Technology, 40, 1445-1451.

    4.       Arab Hosseini, A. (2005). Quality, energy requirement and costs of drying tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.). Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen University, Netherland.

    5.       Arslan, D. & Ozcan, M.M. (2012). Evaluation of drying methods with respect to drying kinetics, mineral content, and color characteristics of savory leaves. Food & Bioprocess Technology, 5(3), 983-991.

    6.       Asekun, O.T., Grierson, D.S. & Afolayan, A.J. (2007). Effects of drying methods on the quality and quantity of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia L. subsp. Capensis. Food Chemistry, 101(3), 995-998.

    7.       Azizi, M., Rahmati, M., Ebadi, M.T. & Hassanzadeh Khayyat , M. (2009). Investigation of different drying methods on rate of decreasing weight, essential oil content and chamazulene percentage of Matricaria recutita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 25(2), 182-192. (in Farsi)

    8.       Berova, M., Karanatsidis, G., Sapundzhieva, K. & Nikolova, V. (2010). Effect of organic fertilization on growth and yield of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Folia Horticulturae, 22(1), 3-7.

    9.       Bigham, A.K., Munro,T.A., Rizzacasa, M.A. & Robins-Browne, R.M. (2003). Divinatorins A−C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled Sage (Salvia divinorum). Journal of Natural Products, 66(9), 1242-1244.

    10.    Cetkovic, G.S., Dilas, S.M., Canadanovic-Brunet, J.M. & Tumbas, V.T. (2003). Thin-layer chromatography analysis and scavenging activity of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) extracts. Acta periodica technologica, 34, 93-102.

    11.    Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y., Wong, S.K., Lim, K.K., Tan, S.P., Lianto, S.F. & Yomg, M.Y. (2009). Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of leaves and tea of ginger species. Food Chemistry, 113, 166-172.

    12.    Crozier, A., Clifford, M. & Ashihara, H. (2006). Plant Secondary Metabolites Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet. Black well publishing. United Kingdom. 353 p.

    13.    Dewick, P. (2009). Medicinal natural products a biosynthetic approach. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication. United Kingdom. 509 p.

    14.    Divya, P., Puthusseri, B. & Neelwarne, B. (2012). Carotenoid content, its stability during drying and the antioxidant activity of commercial coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties. Food Research International, 45(1), 342-350.

    15.    Flores, P., Hellin, P. & Fenoll, J. (2009). Effect of manure and mineral fertilization on pepper nutritional quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(9), 1581-1586.

    16.    Galvez, M., Martim-Cordero, C., Houghton, P.J. & Ayuso, M.J. (2005). Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts obtained from Plantago species. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 53(6), 1927-1933.

    17.    Guerrero, I.C., Andrés, L.S., León, L.G., Machín, R.P., Padrón, J.M., Luis, J.G. & Delgadillo, J. (2006). Abietane diterpenoids from Salvia pachyphylla and S. clevelandii with Cytotoxic Activity against human cancer cell lines. Journal of Natural Products, 69(12), 1803-1805.

    18.    Guinot, P., Gargadenne, A., Valette, G., Fruchier, A. & Andary, C. (2008). Primary flavonoids in Marigold dye: extraction, structure and involvement in the dyeing process. Phytochemical Analysis, 19(1), 46-51.

    19.    Gulati, A., Rawat, R., Singh, B. & Ravindranath, S.D. (2003). Application of microwave energy in the manufacture of enhanced quality green tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food & Chemistry, 51(16), 4769-4774.

    20.    Haghi, A.K. & Amanifard, N. (2008). Analysis of heat and mass transfer during microwave drying of food products. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25 (3), 491-501.

    21.    Hayat, Kh., Zhang, X., Farooq, U., Abbas, Sh., Xia, Sh, Jia, Ch., Zhong, F. & Jing, Zh. (2010). Effect of microwave treatment on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of citrus mandarin pomace. Food Chemistry, 123(2), 423-429.

    22.    Hossain, M., Barry Ryan, C., Martin Diana, A. & Brunton, N. (2010). Effect of drying method on the antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs. Food, Chemistry, 123(1), 85-91.

    23.    Huang, Y., Sheng, J., Yang, F. & Hu, Q. (2007). Effect of enzyme inactivation by microwave and oven heating on preservation quality of green tea. Journal of Food Engineering, 78(2), 687-692.

    24.    Ippolito, A. & Nigro, F. (2000). Impact of pre harvest application of biological control agent on post harvest disease of fresh fruit and vegetables. Crop Protection, 19(8), 715-723.

    25.    Katsube, T., Tsurunaga, Y., Sugiyama, M., Furuno, T. & Yamasaki, Y. (2009). Effect of air drying temperature on antioxidant capacity and stability of polyphenolic compounds in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 964-969.

    26.    Khalil, M.Y., Moustafa, A.A, Naguib, N.Y. (2007). Growth, phenolic compounds an antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants grown under organic farming condition. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(4), 451-457.

    27.    Król, B. (2011). Yield and the chemical composition of flower head of Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L. cv. Orang King) depending on nitrogen fertilization. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 235-243.

    28.    Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Romito, M., Millogo, J. & Nacoulma, G.O. (2005). Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chemistry, 91(3), 571-577.

    1. Mohtashemi, S., Babalar, M., Mirjalili, M.H., Ebrahimzadeh Moosavi, M. & Adib, J. (2010). Effects of different drying methods on drying rate, essential oil content and antioxidant activity of Dracocephalum moldavica L. In: Proceedings of National Young Researchers Congress of Biology, 13th – 17th February, Tehran, Iran. (in Farsi)
    2. Moosavian, M.T. & Mohammadpoor, V. (2006). Investigation of effective parameters in drying process of food materials by Microwave. In: Proceedings of 6th National student congress f Chemistry Engineering & 5th National Student Congress of Oil Engineering, 29-30th August, Isfahan, Iran. (in Farsi)
    3. Tankoa, H., Carriera, D.J., Duana, L. & Clausena, E.D. (2005). Pre and post harvest processing of medicinal plants. Plant Genetic Resources. 3, 304-313.

    31.    Omidbeigi, R. (2005). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Behnashr Pub. 347 P. (in Farsi)

    32.    Podsędek, A. (2007). Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: a review. Food Science & Technology, 40(1), 1-11.

    33.    Ponmari, G., Sathishkumar, R., Lakshmi, P.T.V., & Annamalai, A. (2011). Effect of drying treatment on the contents of antioxidants in Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy & Biological Sciences, 2(1), 304-313.

    34.    Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J. & Shahabimajd, N. (2008). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1142-1145.

    35.    Raal, A., Kirsipuu, K., Must, R. & Tenno, S. (2009). Content of total carotenoids in Calendula officinalis L. from different countries cultivated in Estonia. Natural Product Communications, 4(1), 35-38.

    36.    Rainha, N., Lima, E., Baptista, J. & Rodrigues, C. (2011). Antioxidant properties, total phenolic, total carotenoid and chlorophyll content of anatomical parts of Hypericum foliosum. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(10), 1930-1940.

    37.    Re, T.A., Mooney, D., Antignac, E., Dufour, E., Bark, I., Srinivasan, V. & Nohynek, G. (2009). Application of the threshold of toxicological concern approach for the safety evaluation of calendula flower (Calendula officinalis L.) petals and extracts used in cosmetic and personal care products. Food & Chemical Toxicology, 47(6), 1246-1254.

    38.    Rohn, S., Buchner, N., Driemel, G., Rauser, M. & Kroh, L.W. (2007). Thermal degradation of onion quercetin glucosides under roasting conditions.Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,55(4), 1568-1573.

    39.    Sablani, S.S. (2006). Drying of fruits and vegetables: retention of nutritional Functional quality. Drying Technology, 24(2), 123-135.

    40.    Sacilik, K. (2006). Effect of drying methods on thin-layer drying characteristics of hull-less seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Journal of Food Engineering, 79(1), 23-30.

    41.    Saikia, L.R. & Upadhyaya, S. (2011). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of A. racemosus Willd. a medicinal plant grown using different organic manures. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological & Chemical Sciences, 2, 457-463.

    42.    Soysal, Y. (2004). Microwave drying characteristics of parsley. Biosystems Engineering, 89(2), 167-173.

    43.    Subasinghe, U.N. (2007). Post harvest technology in the spice value chain. Master thesis. Department of Management of Technology, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.

    45.    Tomaino, A., Cimino, F., Zimbalatti, V., Venuti, V., Sulfaro, V., Pasquale, A. & Saija, A. (2005). Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice essential oils. Food Chemistry, 89 (4), 549-554.

    46.    Topuz, A., Dincer, C., Özdemir, KS., Feng, H. & Kushad, M. (2011). Influence of different drying methods on carotenoids and capsaicinoids of paprika (cv., Jalapeno). Food Chemistry, 129(3), 860-865.

    47.    Ukiya, M., Akihisa, T., Yasukava, K., Tokuda, H., Suzuki, T. & Kimura, Y. (2006). Antiinflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting and cytotoxic activities of constituents of marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. Journal of Natural Products, 69(12), 1692-1696.

    48.    Upadhyaya, S., Mahanta, J.J. & Saikia, L.R. (2011). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of a medicinal herb Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees grown using different organic manures. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(3), 614-616.

    49.    Wang, H., Provan, G.J. & Keith, H. (2000). Tea flavonoids: Their functions, utilization and analysis. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 11(4), 152-160.

    50.    Xu, J., Chang, J., Zhao, M. & Zhang, J.Sh. (2006). Abietane diterpenoid dimers from the roots of Salvia prionitis. Phytochemistry, 67(8), 795-799.

    51.    Zhou, Ch.H., Xian, L., Chongde, S, Xu, Ch. & Chen, K.S. (2011). Effects of drying methods on the bioactive components in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) flowers. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(14), 3037-3041.

     

Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume 46, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
August 2015
Pages 243-258

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 07 January 2014
  • Revise Date: 14 June 2014
  • Accept Date: 05 July 2014

Share

How to cite

Statistics