علوم باغبانی ایران

علوم باغبانی ایران

تأثیر نوع محیط کشت و ‌اسید هیومیک بر برخی ویژگی‌های مهم رویشی نهال پرتقال والنسیا با پایۀ نارنج

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محمد حسینی چنارستان علیا 1
مهدی حسینی فرهی 2
عبدالحسین ابوطالبی 3
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد جهرم، جهرم، ایران
2 استادیار، باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد یاسوج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد جهرم، جهرم، ایران
10.22059/ijhs.2017.139777.913
چکیده
هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر بسترهای مختلف کشت و ­اسید هیومیک بر برخی ویژگی­های مهم رویشی و میزان جذب عنصرهای کانی فسفر و پتاسیم در برگ نهال پرتقال والنسیا پیوندشده روی پایۀ نارنج بود. این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در شهرستان باشت استان کهگیلویه‌ و بویراحمد اجرا شد. عامل اول ­اسید هیومیک در غلظت‌های 0، 5/2 ، 5 و 5/7 گرم در لیتر و عامل دوم هفت نوع بستر کاشت شامل: 1- خاک زراعی، 2- زئولیت، 3-  خاک­برگ، 4- خاک زراعی+ زئولیت (50-50)، 5- خاک زراعی+ ورمی‌کمپوست (50-50)، 6- خاک+ خاک‌برگ (50-50) و 7- خاک زراعی+ ورمی‌کمپوست + زئولیت (33-33-33) بود. بنابر نتایج، کاربرد ­اسید هیومیک، بستر کاشت و برهمکنش این دو بر همۀ صفات مورد بررسی نهال پرتقال والنسیا در سطح احتمال 1 درصد معنی‌دار شد. بیشترین و کمترین ارتفاع نهال به میزان 81 و 50 سانتی­متر به ترتیب در نهال­های کاشته‌شده در بستر کاشت ورمی‌کمپوست + زئولیت+ خاک زراعی و 5 گرم در لیتر ­اسید هیومیک و نهال­های کاشته‌شده در خاک بدون کاربرد ­اسید هیومیک مشاهده شد. بیشترین شمار برگ (97 عدد)، وزن تر و خشک برگ و ریشه، پتاسیم و فسفر برگ در نهال­های تیمارشده با 5/7 گرم در لیتر ­اسید هیومیک و بستر کشت خاک+ زئولیت+ ورمی‌کمپوست به دست آمد. به‌طورکلی بنا بر نتایج این پژوهش، می‌توان کاربرد 5 تا 5/7 گرم در لیتر ­اسید هیومیک و بستر کشت ترکیبی خاک زراعی+ زئولیت+ ورمی‌کمپوست را به‌منظور بهبود ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی نهال پیوندی پرتقال والنسیا روی پایۀ نارنج را پیشنهاد کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
ارتفاع نهال
پتاسیم برگ
زئولیت
فسفر
ورمی‌کمپوست

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of diffrent media culture and humic acid on some important vegetative properties of orange seedling cv. Valencia (Citrus sinensis) using sour orange (C. aurantium) rootstock

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Hosseini Chenarestanolya 1
Mehdi Hosseini Farahi 2
Abdolhosein Aboutalebi 3
1 M. Sc. Student and Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Iran
2 Assistant Proffesor, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Iran
چکیده English

The aim of this study was to investige the effect of different media cultures and humic Acid (HA) on some vegetative properties and absorption of Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) contents in leaf of orange seedling (Citrus sinensis) cv. Valencia grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium) rootstock. A factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was HA concenterations of 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 gl-1 and second factor was formed by seven different combinations of media culture including 1- soil, 2- zeolite, 3- leaf mold, 4- soil + zeolite, 5- soil + vermicompost 6- Soil+ leaf mold 7- soil + vermicompost + zeolite. Results showed that effect of HA, media culture and their interaction on all of the investigated traits of Valencia orange were significant (P<0.01). The highest and the lowest seedling hight (81 and 50 cm) obtained in plants cultured in soil+vermicompost+ zeolite and 5 gl-1 HA and in soil and without HA, respectively. The highest number of leaves (97), fresh and dry weight of leaf and root, P and K contents obtained in plants cultured in soil+vermicompost+ zeolite mixture and 5 gl-1 HA.  Therefore, application of 5 to 7.5 gl-1 HA and use of soil+zeolite+vermicompost mixture is recommended as media culture in order to improvement of quality and quantity of seedling of Valencia orange.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

phosphorus
potassium
seedling height
vermicompost
Zeolite
  1. Aboutalebi, A., Tafazoly, E., Kholdebarin, B. & Karimian, N. (2007). Effect of Salinity on Concetration and Distribution of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride Ions in Sweet Lime Scion on Five Rootstocks. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 11(1), 69-78
  2. Ameir, A., Tehanifar, A., Shoor, M. & Davarinejad, G. H. (2011). Effect of cultivars and growing medium on growth charactreritics strawberry in soilless culture system. In: Proceedings of 7th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, 5-8 Sep., Technical University of Isfahan, Iran. pp. 1904-1906. (in Farsi)
  3. Amjazi, H. & Hamidpour, M. (2012). Effects of phosphorus, vermicompost and natural zeolite on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Zinnia elegans. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 3(10), 79-87. (in Farsi)
  4. Anwar, M., Patra, D. D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A. A. & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2005). Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(13), 1737-1746.
  5. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C., Dick, R. & Dick, L. (2007). Vermicompost Tea Production and plant growth impacts. Biocycle, 48, 51-52.
  6. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C. A., Bierman, P., Welch, C. & Metzger, J. D. (2004). Influences of vermi composts on field strawberries. Bioresource Technology, 93(2), 145-153.
  7. Atiyeh, R. M., Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A. & Metzger, J. D. (2000b). Influence of earthworm-processed pig manureon the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology, 75, 175-180.
  8. Atiyeh, R. M., Subler, S., Edwards, C. A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J. D. & Shuster, W. (2000a). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia Journal of Soil Ecology, 44(5), 579-590.
  9. Azarmi, R., Giglou, M. T. & Taleshmikail, R. D. (2009). Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) field. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.
  10. Bachman, C. R. & Metzger, J. D. (2008). Growth of bedding plants in commercial potting substrate amended withvermicompost. Bioresource Technology, 99, 3155-3161.
  11. Brown, P. H., Cakmak, I. & Zhrang, Q. (1993). Form and function of zinc in plants, PP: 93-106. In: A.D.Robson (ed). Zinc in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic publisher, Dordrect, the Netherland.
  12. Busato, J. G., Lima, L. S., Aguiar, N. O., Canellas, L. P. & Olivares, F. L. (2012). Changes in labile phosphorus forms during maturation of vermicompost enriched with phosphorus-solubilizing and diazotrophic bacteria. Bioresource Technology, 110, 390-395.
  13. Chamani, E., Joyce, D. C. & Reyhanytabar, A. (2008). Vermicompost effects on the growth andflowering of Petunia hybrid ‘Dream Neon Rose’. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment Science, 3(3), 506-512.
  14. Chand, S., Pandey, A., Anwar, M. & Patra, D. D. (2011). Influence of integrated supply of vermicompost, biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on productivity and quality of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium species). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2(3), 375-382.
  15. Chen, Y. & Aviad, T. (1990). Effects of humic substances on plant growth. PP. 161-186. In: MacCarthy et al. (Eds.), Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Science: Selected Readings. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI, USA.
  16. Cimrin, K. M., Türkmen, O., Turan, M. & Tuncer, B. (2010). Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 5845–5851.
  17. Darzi, M. T., Ghalavand, A., Rejali, F. & Sefidkon, F. (2006). Effect of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in Fennl (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(4), 276-292. (in Farsi)
  18. Dastyaran, M. & Hosseini Farahi, M. (2015). Effects of humic acid and puterscine on vegetative properties and vase life of rose in soilless culture system. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 5(20), 241-250. (in Farsi)
  19. Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E. & Alvino, A. (2005). Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy Sustainable, 25, 183-191.
  20. Dwairi, I. M. (1998). Evaluation of Jordanian zeolite tuff as a controlled slow-releasefertilizer for NH4. Environmental Geology, 34, 1-3.
  21. Edwards, C. A. & Burrows, I. (1988). The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media. PP. 211–219. In: Edwards, C.A. and E.F. Neuhauser (Eds.), Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management, SPB Academic Publ. Co., The Hague, The Netherlands. 
  22. Eyheraguibel, B., Silvestre, J. & Morard, P. (2008). Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize. Bioresource Technology, 99, 4206-4212.
  23. Faeznia, F. (2004). Effect of organic compost (Mulch mixed with soil) on soil fertility and wheat growth. Msc. Thesis. Faculty of Agricultural Science University, Gorgan, Iran. (in Farsi)
  24. Fallahi, E., Fallahi, B. & Seyedbagheri, M. M. (2006). Influuence of humic substances and nitrogen on yield, fruit quality, and leaf mineral elements of ‘Early Spur Rome’ apple. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 29, 1819-1833.
  25. Fernandez–Escobar, R., Benlloch, M., Barranco, D., Duenas, A. & GuterrezGanan, J. A. (1996). Responseof olive trees to foliar application of humic substance extracted from leonardite. Scintia Horticulturae, 66, 191-200.
  26. Gholizadeh, A., Esfahan, M. & Azizi, M. (2006). The study on the effect of different levels of zeolit and water stress on charactristics and quality of moldavian. Balm. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 73, 96-102. (in Farsi)
  27. Hamidpour, M., Fathi, S. & Roosta, H. (2013).Effects of zeolite and vermicompost on growth characteristics and concentration of some nutrients in Petunia hybrida. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 4(13), 95-103. (in Farsi)
  28. Hayes, M. & Clap, C. E. (2001). Humic substances: consideration of composition, aspect of structure and environment influences, Soil Science, 166, 723-737.
  29. Hidlago, P. R., Matta, F. B. & Harkess, R. L. (2006). Physical and chemical properties of substratescontaining earthworm castings and effects on marigold growth, Hort Science, 41, 1474-1476.
  30. Hosseini Farahi, M., Ameri Fahliani, R. & Yosefi, F. (2015). Effects of humic acid and fertilizer containing calcium and boron (Calboron) on vegetative and reproductive properties of strawberry in soil-less culture system. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 7(21), 235-250. (in Farsi)
  31. Hu, Y. & Barker, A. V. (2004). Effects of composts and their combinations with other materials on nutrient accumulation in tomato leaves. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 35, 2809-2823.
  32. Ingham, E. (2005). The compost tea brewing manual; latest methods and research. Soil Foodweb Incorporated. Fifth Edition, Corvallis, Oregon, 91 page.
  33. Jat, R. S. & Ahlawat, I. P. S. (2004). Effect of vermicompost, biofertilizer and phosphorus on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by gram (Cicera arietinum) and their residual effect on fodder maize (Zea mays), Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 74(7), 359-361.
  34. Jones, C. A., Jacobsen, J. S. & Mugaas, A. (2004). Effect of humic acid phosphorus availability andspring wheat yield. Fertilizer Facts, No.32, Extension service, Montana State University, USA.
  35. Joshi, R., Singh, J. & Pal Vig, A. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 14(1), 137-159.
  36. Karakurt. Y., Unlu, H. & Padem, H. (2008). The influence of foliar and soil fertilization humic acid on yield and quality of pepper. Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 59(3), 233- 237.
  37. Khan, A., Gurmani, R., Urman, A.,  Muhammad, F., Khan Hussain, Z., Ehsan Akhtar, M. & Khan, S. (2013). Effect of humic acid on the growth, yield, nutrient composition, photosynthetic pigment and total sugar contents of peas (Pisum Sativum L.). Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 35(1), 206-211.
  38. Khasa, D. P., Fung, M. & Logan, B. (2005). Early growth response of container- grown selected woody borealseedlings in amended composite tailings and tailings sand. Bioresource Technology, 96, 857-864.
  39. Khoshbakht, D., Shakeri, F., Modares, P. & Baninasb, F. (2007). Effect of zeolite application on improvement of growth and yield of radish. In: Proceedings of 5th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, 3-6 Sep., Karaj, Iran. (in Farsi)
  40. Khoshkhoie, M., Eshghi, S., Farahmand, H. & Nazari, F. (2007). Application of different ratios of natural zeolite and etephone on Shiraz Narcius (Narcissus tazetta). In: Proceedings of 5th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, 3-6 Sep., Karaj, Iran. (in Farsi)
  41. Krishnamoorthy, R.V. & Vajranabhaian, S. N. (1986). Biological activity of earthworm casts. An assessment of plant growth promotes or levels in the casts. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science), 95(3), 341-351.
  42. Liu, C. & Cooper, R. J. (2000). Humic substances influence creeping bentgrass growth, Golf Course Management, pp. 49-53.
  43. Madani, H., Hossedinkhani, A. & Sajedi, N. A. (2009). Study the effects of potassium sulfate and zeolite on potato yield and its components in Arak. Journal of New Finding in Agriculture, 4, 379-390. (in Farsi)
  44. MahboubKhomami, A. (2008). The effects of kind and rate of vermicompost in pot medium on the growth of Ficus bengamina. Seed and Plant, 24(2), 333-346. (in Farsi)
  45. Makode, P. M. (2015). Effect of vermicompost on the growth of Indian orange, Citrus reticulatus with reference to its quality and quantity. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 8(2), 217-220.
  46. Mamizadeh, Z., Shahsavani, S. H., Gharenjebic, S. H. & Gholami, A. (2011). Investigation the effect of different ration of sulphor, vermicompost, Bacilius bactria on to increase the absorption of phosphorus in the soil. In: Proceedings of 1st National Congress on Science and New Technolog, 10-11 Sep., Zanjan University, Iran. (in Farsi)
  47. Mirakalaei, S. M. M., Ardebill, Z. O. & Mostafavi, M. (2013). The effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth of lilies (Lillium longiflorum). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(1), 181-186.
  48. Mirzaei Talarposhti, R., Cambozia, J., Sabahi, H. & Damghani, A. (2009). Effect of organic fertilizers application on physical and chemical properties of soil and crop yield and dry matter of tomato. Iranian Journal of Agronomy Researchers, 1, 257-267. (in Farsi)
  49. Mohamadinea, G., Hosseini Farahi, M. & Dastyaran, M. (2015). Comparison of Humic acid soil drench and foliar application on fruit set, yield and quantitative and qualitative properties of grape cv Askari. Agricultural Communications, 3(2), 21-27.
  50. Mohammadi, H, Tabrizi, L. & Salehi, R. (2015). Effect of different ratio of vermicompost in growth media on seedling development of gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 45(4), 383-390. (in Farsi)
  51. Mycin, T. R., Lenin, M., Selvakumar, G. & Thangadurai, R. (2010). Growth and nutrient content variation of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. under vermicompost application. Journal of Expremental Science, 1(8), 12-16.
  52. Nadi, M., Golchin, A., Mozafari, V. Saeidi, T. & Sedaghati, E. (2011). The Effects of different vermicomposts on the growth and chemical composition of the pistachio seedlings. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science, 7(1), 59-69.
  53. Nasoti Miandoab, R., Samavat, S. & Tehrani, M. M. (2011). The effect of humic acid liquid fertilizer on the concentration of potassium in the aerial beans. In: Proceedings of 1st National Congress on Science and New Technolog, 10-11 Sep., Zanjan University, Iran. (in Farsi)
  54. Nejadzamanravari, N., Ladanmoghadam, A. & Orfaghi ardabili, Z. (2013). Effects of humic acid and vermicompost on the macro elements in Polianthes tuberosavar.thepreal. In: Proceedings of 1st National symposium on Agricultural and Sustainable Natural Resource, 21 Dec., Institute of Mehra Arvand, Tehran, Iran. (in Farsi)
  55. Ostos, J. C., Lopez-Garrido, R., Murillo, J. M. & Lopez, R. (2008). Substitution of peat for municipal soild waste- andsewage sludge-based composts in nursery growing media: Effect on growth and nutrition of the native shrub Pistacia lentiscus L.. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1793-1800.
  56. Padem, H., Ocal, A.  & Alan, R. (1999). Effect of humic acid added to foliar fertilizer on quality and nutrient content of eggplant and pepper seedlings, ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 491, 241-246.
  57. Pant, A. P., Radovich, T. J. K., Hue, N. V., Talcott, S. T. & Krenek, K. A. (2009). Vermicompost extracts influence growth, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity in pak choi (Brassica rapa cv. Bonsai, chinensis group) grown under vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 89(14), 2383-2392.
  58. Paul, S. & Bhattacharya, S. S. (2012). Vermicomposted water hyacinth enhances growth and yield of marigold by improving nutrient availability in soils of north bank plain of Assam. Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology, 2(1), 36-46.
  59. Perucci, P. (1992). Enzymes activity and microbial biomass in field soil amended with municipal refuse. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 14, 54-60. 
  60. Peyvast, G. H., Olfati, J. A., Madani, S. & Forghani, A. (2008). Effect of Vermicompost on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 6(1), 110-113. (in Farsi)
  61. Pinton, R., Cesco, S., Iacolettig, G., Astolfi, S. & Varanini, Z. (1999). Modulation of (NO3) uptake by water-extractable humic substances: involvement of root plasma membrane H+ATPase, Plant and Soil, 215, 155-161.
  62. Rahimi, M. & Kavoosi, M. (2003). Effect of zeolite on rice yield. In: Proceedings of 8th Iranian Soil Science Congress, 1-3 Sep., Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. (in Farsi)
  63. Rahmaniasl, M., Khorasani, R. & Fotovat, A. (2014). Effects of humic acid and nitrogen on corn yield under water stress conditions. In: Proceedings of 2th National Congress on Medicinal Plants and Sustinable Agricultural, 21 Aug., University of Shahid Mofateh Hamadan. (in Farsi)
  64. Ranjbar chobeh, M., Esfahani, M., Kavoosi, M. & Yazdan, M. R. (2004). Effect of irrigation and the use of natural zeolite on the yield and quality of tobacco Cooker 347. Buliten of Agricultural Researchs, 1(2), 71-84. (in Farsi)
  65. Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., Moradi, N. & Hamzenejhad, R. (2016). The effect of type and ratio of vermicompost on selected growth indices and nutrients content of tomato at greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6(24), 115-128. (In Farsi)
  66. Rienecke, A. J. & Vilijoen, S. A. (1990). The influence of feeding patterns on growth and reproduction of the vermicomposting earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Biology and Fertility of Soils, 10(3), 184-187.
  67. Román, R. C., Fortún, De. Sá., GarcíaLópez, M. E. & Almendros, G. (2003). Successful soil remediation and reforestationof a calcic regosol amended with composted urban waste, Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 17, 297-311.
  68. Roosta, H., Hosseinkhan, I. M. & Vakili Shahrbabaki, M. (2016). Effects of foliar application of nano-fertile fertilizer containing humic acid on growth, yield and nutrient concentration of mint (Mentha sativa) in aquaponic system. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6(24), 1-10. (in Farsi)
  69. Salehi, A., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F. & Asgharzade, A. (2011). The effect of zeolite, PGPR and vermicompost application on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2), 88-201. (in Farsi)
  70. Samavat, S. & Malakuti, M. (2005). Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions, Water and Soil Researchers Technical Issue, 463, 1-13. (in Farsi)
  71. Sanchez–Sanchez, A., Sanchez–Anderu, J., Juarez, M., Jorda, J. & Bermudez, D. (2002). Humicsubstances and Amino acid improve effectiveness of Chelate FeEDDHA in Lemons trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 25(11), 2433-2442.
  72. Sangeetha, M., Singaram, P. & Uma Devi, R. (2006). Effect of lignite humic acid and fertilizer on yield of onion and nutrient availability. In: Proceedings of 18th World Congress of Soil Science, 9-15 Jul., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
  73. Scott, M. A. (1988). The use of worm-digested animal wastes as a supplement to peat in loamless composts for hardy nursery stocks. PP. 221-229. In: Edwards, C.A. and E. Neuhauser (Eds.), Earthworm in Waste and Environmental Management, SPB Academic Press, The Netherlands.
  74. Shadanpour, F., MohammadiTorkashvand, A. & HashemiMajd, K. (2011). The effect of cow manure vermicompost as the planting medium on the growth of Marigold, Annals of Biological Research, 2 (6), 109- 115. (in Farsi)
  75. Sharif, M., Khattak, R. A. & Sarir, M. S. (2002). Effect of different levels of lignitic coal derived humic acid on growth of maize plants. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analaysis, 33, 3567-3580.
  76. Sheikhi, J. & Ronaghi, A. (2013). Effect of salinity and vermicompost application on nutrients concentration and yield of spinach cv. Virofly in a calcareous soil. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 4(13), 81-93. (in Farsi)
  77. Shibu, M. E., Leffelaar, P. A., Van Keulen, H. & Aggarwal, P. K. (2006). Quantitative description of soil organic matter dynamics-A review of approaches with reference to rice-based cropping systems, Geoderma, 137, 1-18.
  78. Sinha, B. & Bhattacharyya, K. (2011). Retention and release isotherm of arsenic in arsenic–humic/fulvic equilibrium study.  Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 815-822.
  79. Taleshi, K., Shokoh-far, A., Rafiee, M., Noormahamadi, G. & Sakinejhad, T. (2011) Effect of vermicompost and nitrogen levels on yield and yield component of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under late season drought stress. International Journal of Agronomy & Plant Production, 2(1), 15-22. Tichy, V. & Phuong, H. K. (1975). On the character of biological effect of humic acids. Humus Planta, 6, 379-382.
  80. Tomati, U. & Galli. E. (1995). Earthworms, soil fertility and plant productivity. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 196, 11-14. 38.
  81. Trautmann, N. M. & Krasny, M. E. (1997). Composting in the classroom. Available at: http://cwwi.css.cornell.edu/chapter 1.pdf
  82. Tomati, U., Grappelli, A. & Galli, E. (1987). The presence of growth regulators in earthworm-worked wastes. In: Bonvicini Paglioi, A.M., Omodeo, P. (Eds.), On Earthworms. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Earthworms. Selected Symposia and Monographs. Unione Zoologica Italiana, 2, Mucchi, Modena, pp. 423435.
  83. Tsakaldimi, M. (2006). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core and rice hulls as components of container media for growing (Pinus halepensis M.) seedlings. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1631-1639.
  84. Turkmen, O., Demir, S., Sensoy, S. & Dursun, A. (2005). Effect of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungus and humic acid on the seedling development and nutrient content of pepper grown under saline soil conditions. Journal of Biological Science, 5, 568-574.
  85. Vijaya, D., Padmadevi, S. N., Vasanda, S., Meerabhai, R. S. & Chellapandi, P. (2008) Vermicompost induced changes in growth and development of Lilium Asiatic hybrid var. Navona. Journal of Organic System, 3(2), 51-56.
  86. Xu, H. L., Wang, X. & Wang, J. (2001). Effect of a microbial inoculant on stomatal response of maize leaves. Journal of Crop Production, 3(1), 235-243.
  87. Yosefi Shiadeh, S., Chalavi, V. & Zangi, S. (2015). The effect of different levels of vermicompost and photoperiod on greenhouse production of medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6(21), 31-39.

  • تاریخ دریافت 14 دی 1394
  • تاریخ بازنگری 16 فروردین 1395
  • تاریخ پذیرش 06 اردیبهشت 1395