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0 طراحی، ساخت و انتقال سازه‌های ژنی جهت خاموش‌سازی ژن‌های F3′5′H و F3′H در انگور رقم شیراز Designing, construction and transformation of silencing constructs for F3´H and F3´5´H genes in grapevine cv. Shiraz https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54120.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54120 0 به‌منظور مطالعۀ عملکرد ژن‏های F3´5´H و F3´H وبرهمکنش آن‌ها در مسیر بیوسنتز فلاونوئیدها در انگور، از طریق طراحی و ساخت سازه‌های مناسب ایجاد‌کنندۀ ihpRNA، لاین‌های تراریخت حاوی سازۀ خاموش‌کنندۀ ژن F3´H وسازۀ خاموش‏کنندۀ هر دو ژن F3´5´H و F3´H ایجاد شدند. به این منظور‌ قطعاتی از دو ژن انتخاب و به‌صورت تکرارهای معکوس در ناقل pHANNIBAL درج و با بهره‌گیری از سیستم ناقل دوگانه، هر یک از سازه‌های تهیه‌شده وارد ناقل p27 mod GFP 4a و به اگروباکتری منتقل شد. کالوس‌های جنین‌زای حاصل از کشت پرچم، توسط کشت توأم با اگروباکتری تراریخت شدند. بیان ژن GFP در کالوس‌های جنین‌زا، پنج روز پس از تلقیح با میکروسکوپ مشاهده شد. در‌نهایت از کشت کالوس‌های جنین‌زای دارای سازۀ خاموشی ژن  F3′Hوسازۀ خاموشی هم‌زمانF3′H و F3′5′H به‌ترتیب 42 و 34 لاین باززایی شدند که بر‌اساس واکنش زنجیره‌ای پلیمراز، 36 لاین برای سازۀ خاموشی ژن F3′H و 27 لاین برای سازۀ خاموشی هم‌زمانF3′H و F3′5′H، مثبت ارزیابی شدند که این نتیجه نشان از کارایی بالای روش باززایی و تراریختی استفاده‌شده بود 1 abstract  In order to study F3´5´H and F3´H function and their intraction in the grapevine flavonoids biosynthetic pathway, designing and constraction of suitable constructs encoding ihpRNA was performed and transgenic lines containing silencing construct of F3´H and simultaneous silencing construct of F3´5´H and F3´H were created. For this purpose, fragments were selected from both genes and inserted into pHANNIBAL vector as inverted repeats. Using binary vector system, each construct inserted into p27 mod GFP 4a vector and were used for Agrobacterium transformation. Embryogenic calli, drived from anther culture, were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium for transformation. Expression of GFP gene was detected in transgenic embryogenic calli, 5 days after inoculation using microscope. Finally, 42 and 34 lines were generated from single (F3´H) and simultaneous silencing (F3´5´H and F3´H) cultures, respectively. PCR analysis confirmed 36 single (F3´H) silencing line and 27 simultaneous silencing (F3´5´H and F3´H) lines, showing high efficacy of regeneration and transformation methods. 1 16 مریم پژمان مهر Maryam Pejman mehr دانشجوی سابق دکتری و استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران m_pezhmanmehr@ut.ac.ir علی عبادی Ali Ebadi دانشجوی سابق دکتری و استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران aebadi@ut.ac.ir امیر موسوی Amir Moosavi دانشیار پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، تهران ایران m-amir@nigeb.ac.ir دبرا مک دیوید Debra McDavid پژوهشگر و استاد مؤسسۀ CSIRO، ادلاید، استرالیا استرالیا debra.mcdavid@csiro.au آماندا ر. والکر Amanda R. Walker پژوهشگر و استاد مؤسسۀ CSIRO، ادلاید، استرالیا ایران mandy.walker@csiro.au خاموش‌سازی سازۀ ژنی Vitis vinifera F3′H F3′5′H Boase, M.R., Lewis, D.H., Davies, K.M., Marshall, G.B., Patel, D., Schwinn, K.E. & Deroles, S.C. (2010). Isolation and antisense suppression of flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase modifies flower pigments and colour in cyclamen. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 107-118.##Castellarin, S.D., Di Gaspero, G., Marconi, R., Nonis, A., Peterlunger, E., Paillard, S., Adam-Blondon, A.F. & Testolin, R. (2006). Colour variation in red grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.): genomic organisation, expression of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes and related metabolite profiling of red cyanidin-/blue delphinidin-based anthocyanins in berry skin. BMC Genomics, 7, 12-12.##Davies, K.M., Schwinn, K.E., Deroles, S.C., Manson, D.G., Lewis, D.H., Bloor, S.J. & Bradley, J.M. (2003). Enhancing anthocyanin production by altering competition for substrate between flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. Euphytica, 131, 259-268.##Fitzgerald, A., van Kan, J.A.L. & Plummer, K.M. (2004). Simultaneous silencing of multiple genes in the apple scab fungus, Venturia inaequalis, by expression of RNA with chimeric inverted repeats. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 41, 963-971.##Franks, T., He, D.G. & Thomas, M.R. (1998). Regeneration of transgenic Vitis vinifera L. Sultana plants: genotypic and phenotypic analysis. Molecular Breeding, 4, 321-333.##Garfinkel, D.J. & Nester, E.W. (1980). Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutants affected in crown gall tumorigenesis and octopine catabolism. Journal of Bacteriology, 144, 732-743.##Gleave, A.P. (1992). A versatile binary vector system with a T-DNA organizational structure conducive to efficient integration of cloned DNA into the plant genome. Plant Molecular Biology, 20, 1203-1207.##Helliwell, C. & Waterhouse, P. (2003). Constructs and methods for high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Methods, 30, 289-295.##Helliwell, C.A., Wesley, S.V., Wielopolska, A.J. & Waterhouse, P.M. (2002). High-throughput vectors for efficient gene silencing in plants. Functional Plant Biology, 29(10), 1217-1225. ##Hoffmann, T., Kalinowski, G. & Schwab, W. (2006). RNAi-induced silencing of gene expression in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa) by agroinfiltration: a rapid assay for gene function analysis. Plant Journal, 48(5), 818-826.##Hooykaas, P.J.J. & Schilperoort, R.A. (1992). Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering. Plant Molecular Biology, 19, 15-38.##Iocco, P., Franks, T. & Thomas, M.R. (2001). Genetic transformation of major wine grape cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. Transgenic Research, 10, 105-112.##Jeong, S. T., Goto-Yamamoto, N., Hashizume, K. & Esaka, M. (2006). Expression of the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase genes and flavonoid composition in grape (Vitis vinifera). Plant Science, 170, 61-69.##Mahajan, M., Ahuja, P.S. & Yadav, S.K. (2011). 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Genes, Genomes and Genomics, 5, 91-101.##Subramanian, S., Graham, M.Y., Yu, O. & Graham, T.L. (2005) RNA interference of soybean isoflavone synthase genes leads to silencing in tissue distal to the transformation site and to enhanced susceptibility to Phytophthora sojae. Plant Physiology, 137, 1345-1353.##Thomas, M. R., Matsumoto, S. & Cain P. (1993). Repetitive DNA of grapevine: classes present and sequences suitable for cultivar identification. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86, (2-3), 173-180.##Torregrosa, L. (1998) A simple and efficient method to obtain stable embryogenic cultures from anthers of Vitis vinifera L. Vitis, 37, 91-92.##Torregrosa, L., Iocco, P. & Thomas, M.R. (2002). Influence of Agrobacterium strain, culture medium, and cultivar on the transformation efficiency of Vitis vinifera L. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53, 183-190.##Wang, M. B. & Waterhouse, P.M. (2000). High-efficiency silencing of a b-glucuronidase gene in rice is correlated with repetitive transgene structure but independent of DNA methylation. Plant Molecular Biology, 43, 67-82.##Wasson, A. P., Pellerone, F. I. & Mathesius, U. (2006). Silencing the flavonoid pathway in Medicago truncatula inhibits root nodule formation and prevents auxin transport regulation by Rhizobia. Plant Cell, 18, 1617-1629.##Wesley, V.S., Helliwell, C.A., Smith, N.A., Wang, M.B., Rouse, D.T., Liu, Q., Gooding, P.S., Singh, S.P., Abbott, D., Stoutjesdijk, P.A., Robinson, S.P., Gleave, A.P., Green, A.G. & Waterhouse, P. M. (2001). Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. The Plant Journal, 27, 581-590.##

0 ارزیابی خصوصیات پومولوژیکی برخی از ارقام جدید گیلاس در شرایط آب‌و‌هوایی کرج Evaluation of pomological traits of some new sweet cherry cultivars under Karaj condition https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54121.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54121 0 ارزیابی خصوصیات پومولوژیکی می‌تواند در انتخاب ارقام برتر برای کشت در سطح تجاری مفید باشد. بدین منظور پنج رقم جدید وارداتی گیلاس از مجارستان شامل استلا، سان‌بورست، قرمز دورفی، سامیت و سابیما و دو رقم گیلاس شاهد به نام‌های سیلژ بلامارکا و سیاه مشهد در ایستگاه تحقیقات باغبانی کمال‌شهر‌ـ کرج به‌مدت دو سال با استفاده از شش صفت کمّی و چهار صفت بیوشیمیایی میوه در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار ارزیابی شدند. نتایج حاصل از مقایسۀ میانگین‏ها نشان داد که بیشترین وزن میوه (21/7 گرم)، طول میوه (23/23 میلی‌متر)، عرض شکمی (7/23 میلی‏متر) و حجم میوه (09/7 سی‏سی) را رقم سان‌بورست[1] و کمترین آن را رقم بلامارکا داشت. میانگین مقدار مواد جامد محلول کل از 59/22‌درصد در رقم سیاه مشهد تا 29/18‌درصد در رقم استلا تغییر کرد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از این پژوهش مشخص کرد که رقم سان‌بورست نسبت به سایر ارقام بررسی‌شده بهترین خصوصیات پومولوژیکی در شرایط آب و هوایی کرج را دارد. همچنین این رقم می‌تواند با توجه به خصوصیت خود‌گشن بودن به‌منزلۀ یکی از ارقام قابل رقابت با سیاه مشهد به‌خصوص در مناطقی که مشکل گرده‌افشانی به‌دلیل شرایط نامناسب آب‌وهوایی در زمان حرکت و ویزیت زنبورها دارند مورد توجه قرار گیرد.   [1]. Sunburst 1 abstract Evaluation of pomological characteristics can be useful in selection of best cultivars for commercial purposes. During this project, seven cultivars of sweet cherry including five cultivars from Hungary (‘Stella’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Germesdorf’, ‘Summit’ and ‘Subima’) and two control cultivars (‘Cillage Blamarka’ and ‘Siahmashad’) were studied by Completely Rondomized Blocks design with three replications during two years in Kamal Shahr Horticulture Research Station. Comparison of average fruit weight showed that ‘Sunburst’ had the largest fruit size (7.21 g), fruit length (23.23 mm), fruit width (23.7 mm) and fruit volume (7.09 cc) whereas the Blamarka’ had the lowest values. Average of Total Soluble Solids (TTS) ranged from 22.59% in ‘Siahmashad’ to 18.29% in ‘Stella’ cultivar. Results of this study showed that ‘Sunburst’ had the best pomological characteristics in Karaj climatic conditions. Furthermore, the Sunburst displayed self-compatibility characteristic and, therefore, may be the preferred cultivar relative to incompatible cultivars such as Siahmashhad.   17 25 اکرم اکبری Akram Akbari دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران akbari@mailinator.com ناصر بوذری Naser Bouzari استادیار، بخش تحقیقات باغبانی، مؤسسۀ تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، کرج، جادۀ محمد‌شهر ایران bouzari1111@yahoo.com محمد اسماعیل امیری Mohammad Esmail Amiri دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران amiri@mailinator.com کاظم ارزانی Kazem Arzani استاد، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران ایران arzani_k@modares.ac.ir ارقام جدید سازگاری گیلاس Abediani, M., Talebi, M., Golmohammdi, H.R. & Seyed-Tabatabaei, B.E. (2012). Genetic diversity and population structure of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) using SRAP markers. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 400, 112-117.##Agulheiro-Santos, A.C., Palma, V., Machado, G., Rato, A.E. & Cabrita, M.J. (2012). Quality evaluation of ‘Sunburst’ cherries harvested at different ripeness stages. Acta Horticulturae, 934, 1127-1131.##Bandai, A., Thiesz, R., Ferencz, L. & Bandi, M.J. (2010). Some physical and biochemical composition of the Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Agriculture and Environment, 2, 5-16.##Bernalt, M.J., Sabio, E., Hernández, M.T. & Gervasini, C. (2003). Influence of storage delay on quality of ‘Van’ sweet cherry. Postharvest Biological Technology, 28, 303-312.##Blažková, J., Hlušicková, I. & Blažek, J. (2002). Fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content during ripening of ‘Karešova’ sweet cherry. Horticulturae Science, 29(3), 92-98.##Bolsu, A. & Akçsa, Y. (2011). Some fruit and morphological characteristerics of five sweet cherry cultivars grafted on Prunus mahaleb L. rootstock. Yüzüncü Yil Üniversitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(3), 152-157.##Christensen, J.V. (1995). Evaluation of fruit characteristics of 20 sweet cherry cultivars. Fruit Varieties Journal, 49(2), 113-117.##Christensen, J.V. (1970). Cultivar trial with sweet cherry. Tidsskrift for Planteavl, 74, 301-312.##Cline, J.A., Meland, M. Sekse, L. & Webster, A.D. (1995). Rain-induced fruit cracking of sweet cherries: I. Influence of cultivar and rootstock on fruit water absorption. Acta Agriculturae Scandinaica Series, 45, 213-223.##Cliff, M.A., Dever, M.C., Hall, J.W. & Girard, B. (1996). Development and evaluation of multiple regression models for prediction of sweet cherry liking Food Research International, 28, 583-589.##Crisosto, C.H., Crisosto, G.M. & Ritenour, M.A. (2002). Testing the reliability of skin color as an indicator of quality for early season ‘Brooks’ (Prunus avium L.) cherry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 24, 147-154.##Cordeiro Rodrigues, L., Remedios Morales, M., Fernandes, A.J.B. & Ortiz, J.M. (2008). Morphological characterization of sweet and sour cherry cultivars in a germplasm bank at Portugal. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 55, 593-601.##Dever, M.C., Macdonald, R.A., Chiff, M.A. & Lane, W.D. (1996). Sensory evaluation of sweet cherry cultivars. HortScience, 31, 150-153.##Dzhurinov, V. & Kolev, K. (2009). Fruit bearing habit of nine sweet cherry cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 814, 245-250.##Esti, M., Cinquanta, L., Sinesio, F., Moneta, E. & Dimatteo, M. (2002). Physicochemical and sensory fruit characteristics of two sweet cherry cultivars after cool storage. Food Chemichal, 76, 399-405.##Jänes, H., Ardel, P., Kahu, K., Kelt, K. & Kikas, A. (2010). Some biological properties and fruit quality parameters of new sweet cherry cultivars and perspective selection. Agronomy Research, 8, 583-588.##Kappel, F., Fisher-Fleming, B. & Hogue, E. 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0 بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت بر روند تجمع مادۀ خشک و خصوصیات زراعی ارقام سیب‏زمینی تحت‌تأثیر یخ‏بندان در شرایط مزرعه Effect of planting date on dry matter content and agronomical characteristics of potato cultivars influenced by natural frost in field conditions https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54122.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54122 0 این پژوهش به‏صورت آزمایش کرت‏های‏یک‌بار خرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار به‌مدت یک ‏سال زراعی (1390‌ـ 1391) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل سه تاریخ کاشت از یازدهم آذرماه تا اول دی‌ماه به فاصلۀ 10 روز و فاکتور فرعی چهار رقم سیب‌زمینی (سانته، ساوالان، سانتانا و المرا) بود. هنگام وقوع یخ‏بندان گیاهان در دو تاریخ کاشت 11 و 21 آذرماه به‌ترتیب در مرحلۀ غده‏زایی و رشد سبزینه‏ای بودند که در‌نتیجه کلیۀ اندام‏های هوایی بوته‏ها از بین رفتند ولی در تاریخ کاشت اول دی‌ماه گیاهان هنوز از خاک خارج نشده بودند. یک هفته قبل از برداشت، اندام‏های هوایی قطع و غده‏ها در اواخر اردیبهشت‌ماه برداشت شدند. در اولین نمونه‏برداری بعد از وقوع یخ‏بندان، مقدار مادۀ خشک اندام‏ هوایی و غده در کلیۀ ارقام کاهش یافت. رقم ساوالان سریع‏تر از سایر ارقام ترمیم یافت. همچنین سرعت ترمیم گیاهان در تاریخ کاشت 21 آذر سریع‏تر از تاریخ کاشت 11 آذرماه بود. بیشترین تجمع مادۀ خشک بوته در دو تاریخ کاشت 11 و 21 آذرماه به رقم ساوالان تعلق داشت. به‏دلیل بیشتر‌بودن مقدار مادۀ خشک بوته در تاریخ کاشت 11 آذرماه نسبت به 21 آذرماه، اختلاف عملکرد محصول در تاریخ کاشت 21 آذر (96/7 تن در هکتار) در مقایسه با تاریخ کاشت 11 آذر (39/7 تن در هکتار) در سطح معنا‏دار 5درصد برتر بود. نتایج نشان داد که بر اثر یخ‏بندان عملکرد کل و قابل فروش غده، درصد عملکرد قابل فروش و متوسط وزن غده در هر دو تاریخ کاشت 11 و 21 آذرماه در مقایسه با تاریخ کاشت اول دی‌ماه کاهش یافت ولی اثر یخ‏بندان بر متوسط تعداد غده و درصد مادۀ خشک غده معنا‏دار نبود. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش به‌منظور اجتناب از خسارت یخ‏بندان به کشت زمستانۀ سیب‏زمینی در خوزستان از کاشت این محصول قبل از اوایل دی‌ماه بایستی اجتناب کرد و رقم ساوالان به‌منزلۀ مناسب‏ترین رقم برای این کشت توصیه می‌شود. 1 Frost occurrence during plant growth created special conditions to evaluate the effects of planting date on dry matter content and agronomical characteristics of potato cultivars influenced by natural frost in field conditions. A split-plot experiment with three replications was carried out to compare three planting dates, as main plot, from 1 to 21 November with 10 day intervals and four cultivars (Sante, Savalan, Santana and elmera) as sub plot for one year (2011-2011) at Behbahan Agriculture Research Station. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. All haulms of plants in planting dates of 1 and 11 Nov., in vegetative growth and tuber initiation stages all haulms were killed due to frost. However plants in planting date of 21 Nov didn’t emerge. One week before harvest, haulms were defoliated. Tubers were harvested at mid-May. The haulm and tuber dry matter content of all cultivars decreased in the first sampling date after frost. The recovery rate of Savalan cultivar was higher than other cultivars. Plants in planting date of 11 Nov. were recovered faster than the plants in planting date of 1 Nov. Savalan cultivar produced the maximum dry matter content in planting dates of 1 and 11 Nov. Due to higher dry matter content of plants in planting date of 11 Nov., the yield of mentioned planting date was higher than planting date of 1 Nov. Comparison of characteristics showed that frost influenced the total and marketable yield, marketable yield percentage and mean tuber weight of 1 and 11 Nov planting dates, which were higher than 21 Nov planting date. However, the effect of frost on mean tuber number and tuber dry matter content did not differe significantly. Regarding to results, planting of winter potato should be avoided before late January in Khuzestan province to minimize the risk of yield damage by frost and Savalan cultivar is recommended for winter potato planting in this province.   27 39 عبدالستار دارابی Abdolsatar Darabi . استادیار مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان ایران darabi6872@yahoo.com رضا صالحی محمدی Reza Salehi Mohammadi استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران salehir@ut.ac.ir اندام هوایی رشد رویشی غده غده‏زایی فنولوژی Anonymus. (2011). Agricultural statistics, first volume-horticultural and field crop, 2009-10 cropping cusle. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Programming and Economic Deputy, Statistics and Information Technology Office. pp. 64. (In Farsi).##Bohl, W.H. & Love, S.L. (2004). Bulking rate of six potato varieties in Idaho. Idaho Potato Conference on January 22. 4p.##Buchanan, B., Gruissemen, W. & Jones, R. (2000). 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0 تأثیر جایگزینی نسبی نیترات به‌وسیلۀ آمونیوم بر برخی پارامترهای فیزیولوژیکی و جذب عناصر پر‌مصرف دو رقم زیتون در شرایط شور Effect of Partial substitution of nitrate by ammonium on some physiological parameters and the uptake of macro element in olive cultivars under saline conditions https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54123.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54123 0 ‌آزمایشی برای بررسی اثر متقابل شوری و نسبت آمونیوم به نیترات بر نهال‏های زیتون به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این آزمایش چهار سطح شوری (0، 50، 100، 150 میلی‌مولار کلرید‌سدیم) و چهار نسبت مختلف آمونیوم به نیترات شامل: 14:0 (محلول بدون آمونیوم + meq/l 14 نیترات)؛ 12:2 (2 آمونیوم + 12 نیترات)؛ 10:4 (4 آمونیوم + 10 نیترات)؛ :6 8 (6 آمونیوم + 8 نیترات) بر روی نهال‏های یک‌سالۀ ارقام زرد و آربیکن کاشته‌شده در بستر پرلیت:‏ شن به نسبت 1:1 استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطوح مختلف شوری به نسبت‌های مختلف جذب نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم، شاخص کلروفیل و شدت فتوسنتز را کاهش ولی مقدار پرولین و جذب سدیم را افزایش می‌دهد. رقم زرد بیشتر تحت‌تأثیر اثرات مضر شوری قرار گرفت. همچنین مشاهده شد که هم‌زمان با افزایش آمونیوم در محلول غذایی نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم و شدت فتوسنتز در رقم زرد افزایش ولی در رقم آربیکن کاهش می‌یابد. محلول غذایی حاوی یون‌های آمونیوم و نیترات با نسبت 6 به 8، با افزایش شدت فتوسنتز و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم در مقایسه با سایر محلول‌های غذایی در تعدیل اثرات مضر شوری کار‌آمدتر بود. همچنین این اثر در رقم زرد بارزتر از رقم آربیکن بود. 1   A factorial experiment based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was performed with three replications to investigate the interaction between salinity and NH+4 / NO-3 ratio on olive saplings. Four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100,150 mM) and different ratios of NH+4/ NO-3 (0:14, 2:12, 4:10, 6:8) were applied on one-year old olive saplings grown in perlite: sand media (1:1). Results indicated that different levels of salinity, decreased N, P, K absorption, K/Na ratio, chlorophyll content index and photosynthesis rate and increased proline content and Na absorption in different rates. Zard cultivar was more affected by the deleterious effects of salinity. Also it was observed that increasing NH+4 in the nutrient solution enhanced K/Na ratio and photosynthesis rate in Zard cultivar while reduces mentioned parameters in cultivar Arbequina.Nutrient solution containing NH+4 and NO-3 ions (8 to 6 ratio) in comparison with others with the increase of photosynthesis rate and K/Na ratio was more efficient in adjustment of deleterious effects of salinity. This effect was more obvious in ‘Zard’ than ‘Arbequina’.   41 50 فاطمه بهبهانی Fatemeh Behbahani دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران behbahani@mailinator.com ولی ربیعی vali rabiei دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران rabiei@znu.ac.ir مهدی طاهری Mehdi Taheri استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی زنجان ایران taheri@mailinator.com پرولین تنش شوری نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم نیتروژن AbdulZadeh, A., Malekjani, Z., Galeshi, S. & Yaghmaei, Q. F. (2006). Effect of salinity and nitrogen interaction on growth of Canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and NaturalResources, 13 (3), 29-43. (In Farsi).##Ahmadi, A., Ehsan zadeh, P. & Jabbari, F. (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. Vol: (1), Tehran University Press. (In Farsi).##Ashraf, M. & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. 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0 ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی برخی از گونه‏های خوراکی زعفران بومی ایران با استفاده از نشانگرهای مورفولوژیکی و مولکولی ISSR Evaluation of genetic diversity of some Iranian edible Crocus species using morphological and ISSR marker https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54124.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54124 0 در این مطالعه 16 صفت مورفولوژیک روی 250 نمونۀ گیاهی (بوته) و 13 آغازگر ISSR بر 25 نمونه از دو گونۀ زعفران وحشی ایرانی (Crocus speciosus و Crocus cancellathus) بررسی شد. بیشترین ضریب تنوع مربوط به ضخامت گلبرگ (25/71‌درصد) و کمترین آن مربوط به صفت طول برگ (08/15‌درصد) بود. تجزیۀ خوشه‏ای بر‌اساس صفات مورفولوژیک نمونه‏های مطالعه‌شده را به سه گروه تقسیم کرد. سیزده آغازگر ISSR چند‌شکلی بالایی (‌46/94‌درصد) را نشان دادند. دامنۀ تشابه ژنتیکی بین 11/0 تا 75/0 به‌ترتیب میان نمونه‏های خانه‌میران‌ـ اراک با حسن‌آباد‌ـ شازند (متعلق به C. cancellathus) و بین نمونه‌های کنگاور با روان‌سر (متعلق به speciosus‍C. ) متغیر بود. نتایج نشان داد که نمونه‏های متعلق به دو گونۀ بررسی‌شده از تنوع بالایی برخوردار بودند و نشانگر ISSR برای تنوع ژنتیکی گونه‏های زعفران مناسب است. 1 Abstract In this study, two wild Iranian Crocus species (Crocus speciosus and Crocus cancellathus) were examined using 16 morphological characters and 13 ISSR primers on 250 and 25 plant samples, respectively. The highest and lowest coefficient of variations were belonged to the thickness of the petals (71.25%) and the leaf length (15.08%), respectively. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics divided plant samples into three groups. Thirteen ISSR primers produced high degree of polymorphism (94.46%). Genetic similarities among the samples ranged from 0.11 to 0.75 for Khanemiran–Arak with HassanAbad-shazand (C. cancellathus) and for Ravansar with-Kangavar (C. speciosus), respectively. Results showed that the plant samples belonging to two studied species, had high genetic diversity and ISSR analysis was suitable technique for evaluation of genetic diversity of Crocus species. 51 61 بیتا خوانساری نژاد Bita Khansarinejad دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشیار، دانشیار و دانشجوی دکتری پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران b_khansari@yahoo.com محمد رضا حسندخت Mohamad Reza Hasandokht دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشیار، دانشیار و دانشجوی دکتری پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران mrhassan@ut.ac.ir وحیده ناظری Vahide Nazeri دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشیار، دانشیار و دانشجوی دکتری پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران nazeri@ut.ac.ir ابوذر سورنی Aboozar Soorni دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشیار، دانشیار و دانشجوی دکتری پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران soorni64@ut.ac.ir تجزیۀ خوشه‏ای صفات مورفولوژی نشانگر ISSR Crocus Abrishami, M.H. (2004). Saffronhas long beentoday. AmirkabirPublishers. 832pp. (In Farsi).##Alavi-Kia, S.S., Mohammadi, S.A., Aharizad, S. & Moghaddam, M. (2008). Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationshipsin Crocus genus of Iran using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 22 (3), 795-800.## Beiki, A., Keifi, F. & Mozafari, J. (2010). Genetic differentiation of Crocus species by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Journal, 2010, 1-10.##Beiki, A.H., Abbaspour, N. & Mozafari, J. (2013). Evaluation of the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild Crocus using ISSR markers in Iran. Cellular and Molecular Research, 26 (2), 164-173. (In Farsi).##Ebrahimzadeh, H., Radjabian, T., Karamian, R., Abrishamchi, P. & Saboora, A. (2006). IraniansaffronatResearch. Ettelaat Publishers. 644pp. (In Farsi).##Ghahreman, A. & Atar, F. (1998). Biodiversity ofplant speciesin Iran. Tehran UniversityPublishers. 212pp. (In Farsi).##Grilli Caiola, M., Caputo, P. & Zanier, R. (2004). RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accessions and related Crocus species. Biologia Plantarum, 48(3), 375-380.##Grilli Caiola, M. & Canini, A. (2010). Looking for saffron᾽s (Crocus sativus L.) parents. Functional Plant Science and Biothnologhy, 4, 1-14.##Grilli Caiola, M., Leonardi, D. & Canini, A. (2010). Seed structure in Crocus sativus L× C. cartwrightianus Herb., C. thomasii Ten., and C. hadriaticus Herb. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 285, 111-120.##Grilli Caiola, M. & Faoro, F. (2011). Latent virus infections in Crocus sativus and Crocus cartwrightianus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50, 175-182.##Hassandokht, M. R. (2012). Technologhy of vegetable production. Selseleh Publications. 576pp.(In Farsi).##Jahangirzadeh Khiavi, S., Zamani, Z., Mardi, M. & Moghdam, M.F. (2013). Evaluation of chloroplast relationship between some apple genotype from Azerbaijan of Iran and their comparison with other local genotypes, cultivars and rootstocks. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 106-112.##Khansarinejad, B., Hassandokht, M. R. & Nazeri, V. (2013). Determination of some macro and micro elements in two Iranian edible Crocus species. In: The 8th Horticultural Congress, 26-29 Aug, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, pp. 2845-2846.##Otunola G., B. Oloyede O., T. Oladiji A. & J. Afolayan A. (2010). Comparative analysis of the chemical composition of three spices- Allium sativum L. Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Capsicum frutescens L. commonly consumed in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(41), 6927-6931.##Özdemir, C., Akyol, Y. & Alcitepe, E. (2004). Morphological and anatomica studies on two endemic ‍Crocus species of Turkey area. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 36(1), 103-113.##Rao, V. & Hodgkin, T. (2002). Genetic diversity and conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 68, 1-19.##Rechinger, KH. (1969). Iridaceae, in: Rechinger K.H. (ed), Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck-u, Verlgsantalt, Graz, Austria, 66, 187-203.##Rubio-Moraga, A., Castillo-López, R., Gomez-Gomez, L. & Ahrazem, O. (2009). Saffron is a monomorphic species as revealed by RAPD, ISSR and microsatellite analyses. BMC Research Notes, 2(189), 1-5.##Rubio Moraga, A., Trapero-Mozos, A., Gemez-Gemez, L. & Ahrazem, O. (2010). Intersimple sequence repeat markers for molecular characterization of Crocus cartwrightianus cv. albus. Industrial Crops and Products, 32, 147-151.##Wani, B.A. & Mohiddin, F.A. (2009). Micropropagation of genus Crocus - a review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4 (13), 1545-1548.##Nazzal, K., Shibli, R., Makhadmeh, I. & Syouf, M. (2011). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis in Crocus spp. collected from Northern Jordan. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7, 1-8.##

0 مطالعة ارتباط بین صفات مورفولوژیک با گل‌دهی در هم‌گروه‏های سیر ایرانی Study of relationship between morphological traits and flowering in Iranian garlic clones https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54126.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54126 0 ‌این آزمایش با هدف تشخیص هم‌گروه‏های گل‌ده سیر (Allium sativum L.) و تعیین ارتباط صفات مورفولوژیکی با صفت گل‌دهی با استفاده از روش‏های آماری تجزیة واریانس، مقایسة میانگین‏ها، ضرایب همبستگی، تجزیة عامل، رگرسیون گام‌به‌گام، تجزیة مسیر و تجزیة خوشه انجام شد. در این پژوهش صفات گل‌دهی، تعداد، طول و عرض برگ، موقعیت طویل‏ترین برگ، طول و قطر ساقة مجازی، وزن سوخ و سیرچه، تعداد سیرچه در سوخ، درصد مادة خشک سیرچه و عملکرد در 30 هم‌گروه سیر ایرانی بررسی شد. نتایج تجزیة واریانس آزمایش بیانگر تفاوت معنا‏دار بین کلون‏ها در تمامی صفات ارزیابی‌شده بود. آزمون ضرایب همبستگی، وجود همبستگی منفی معنا‏دار بین صفت گل‌دهی با صفات تعداد، طول و عرض برگ، موقعیت طویل‏ترین برگ، قطر ساقة مجازی، وزن سوخ و سیرچه، تعداد سیرچه در سوخ و عملکرد، و همبستگی مثبت معنا‏دار با صفات طول ساقة مجازی و درصد مادة خشک سیرچه را نشان داد. آزمون تجزیه به عامل‏ها نشان داد که در عامل اول، بیشترین ضرایب مثبت مربوط به صفات تعداد و عرض برگ، قطر ساقة مجازی، وزن سوخ و عملکرد و در عامل دوم بیشترین ضرایب مثبت مربوط به صفات طول برگ، طول ساقة مجازی و وزن سیرچه بود. تجزیة رگرسیون گام‌به‌گام نشان داد که صفات تعداد برگ در بوته، طول ساقة مجازی و طول برگ بیشترین همبستگی را با گل‌دهی داشتند. آزمون تجزیة علیت (مسیر) نیز نشان داد که صفات تعداد برگ در بوته و طول برگ بیشترین تأثیر منفی مستقیم و صفت طول ساقة مجازی بیشترین تأثیر مثبت مستقیم را بر گل‌دهی داشتند. بر‌اساس تجزیة کلاستر صفات، کل هم‌گروه‏های سیر به دو زیر‌خوشة گل‌ده و غیرگل‌ده تفکیک شدند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد صفات مورفولوژیکی مؤثر بر گل‌دهی به‌ویژه طول کمتر برگ، طول ساقة مجازی بیشتر و تعداد کمتر برگ در بوته، می‌توانند به‌منزلة نشانگرهای مورفولوژیکی در برنامه‏های به‏نژادی و تولید بذر سیر استفاده شوند. 1 This research was designed to identify garlic (Allium sativum L.) bolting clones and determining the relationship between their morphological traits and bolting capacity by using statistical methods of analysis of variance, comparison of means, correlation coefficients, factor analysis, stepwise regression, path analysis and cluster analysis. Traits including flowering ability, number, length and width of leaf, position of the longest leaf, length and diameter of pseudostem, weight of bulb and clove, number of cloves in bulb, percent of clove dry matter and yield were investigated in 30 Iranian garlic clones. Results of analysis of variance showed significant difference in all studied traits of clones. Coefficients of correlation test showed that there was significant negative correlation between bolting and number, length and width of leaf, position of the longest leaf, diameter of pseudostem, weight of bulb and clove, number of clove in bulb and yield; and significant positive correlation with length of pseudostem and clove dry matter percentage. Factor analysis test showed that in first factor, the most positive coefficient was related to number and width of leaf, diameter of pseudostem, weight of bulb and yield, and in second factor, the most positive coefficient was related to length of leaf, length of pseudostem and weight of clove. Stepwise regression Analysis showed that leaf number per plant, length of pseudostem and length of leaf had the highest correlation with bolting. In addition, path analysis showed that, the number of leaves per plant and length of leaf had the highest direct negative effect on bolting whereas pseudostem length had the highest direct positive effect on bolting. Acording to cluster analysis of traits, all clones were divided into two main clusters including bolting and non-bolting. Results of this study showed that some morphological traits such as less leaf length, more length of pseudostem and fewer leaf numbers per plant, could be used as a morphological markers in breeding programs and garlic seed production. 63 75 احمدرضا عباسی فر Ahmad Reza abasifar دانشجوی سابق دکتری و دانشیار، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان ایران abbasifar@mailinator.com فرشاد دشتی Farshad Dashti دانشجوی سابق دکتری و دانشیار، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان ایران dashti1350@yahoo.com تجزیة عامل تجزیة علیت تجزیة کلاستر رگرسیون گام‏به‏گام ضرایب همبستگی Abbasifar, A. R. & Dorry, H. R. (2007). Breeding of Tafresh garlic clones and production of superior clones. Fifth Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science, 2-5 Sep., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, pp. 350. (In Farsi).##Abbasifar, A. R., Dorry, H. R. & Asadi, B. (2007). Investigation of quantitative and qualitative in 25 garlic clones in three regions of Markazi province. Fifth Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science, 2-5 Sep., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, pp. 72. (In Farsi).##Baghalian, K., Ziai, S. A., Naghavi, M. R., Naghdi Abadi, H. & Khalighi. A. (2005). Evaluation of allicin content and botanical traits in Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes. Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 155-166.##Del pozo, A., Gonzalez, M. I. & Barraza, C. (1997). Phenological development of 13 clones of garlic (Allium sativum L.): Influence of temperature, photoperiod and cold storage. Acta Horticulturae, 443, 389-394.##Dorry, H. R., Abbasifar, A. R. & Asadi, B. (2007). Investigation of stability in garlic clones by using analysis of original components and analysis of AMMI. Fifth Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science, 2-5 Sep., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, pp. 73. (In Farsi).##Etoh, T. & Simon, P. W. (2002). Diversity, fertility,and seed production of garlic. In: H. Rabinowitch, & L. Currah (Eds.), Allium Crop Science: Recent advances. (pp. 101–117). CABI Publication, New York.##Etoh, T. (1982). Development and degeneration of the tapetum in garlic, Allium sativum L. Memories of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kagoshima University, 18, 75-84.##Etoh, T., Watanabe, H. & Iwai, S. (2001). RAPD variation of garlic clones in the center of origin and the westernmost area of dietribution. Memories of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kagoshima University, 37, 21-27.##Figliuolo, G., Candido, V., Logozzo, G., Miccolis, V. & Spagnoletti, Z.P.L. (2001). Genetic evaluation of cultivated garlic germplasm (Allium sativum L. and A. ampeloprasum L.). Euphytica, 121, 325-334.##Jenderek, M. M. & Hannan, R. M. (2004). Variation in reproductive characteristics and seed production in the USDA garlic germplasm collection. Hort Science, 39,485-488.##Kamenestsky, R., London, I., Khassanov, F., Kik, C. & Rabinowitch, H.D. (2003). Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its wild relatives from central Asia: Evaluation for fertility potential. Acta Horticulturae, 637, 83-91.##Kamenetsky, R., Shafir, I.L., Zemah, H., Barzilay, A. & Rabinowitch, H.D. (2004). Environmental control of garlic growth and florogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 129, 144-151.##Lallemand, J., Messiaen, C. M., Briand, F. & Etoh, T. (1997). Delimitation of varietal groups on garlic (Allium sativum L.) by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters. Acta Horticulturae, 433, 123-132.##López Frasca, A., Silvestriy, V. & Rigoni, C. (1997). Métodos convencionales del mejoramiento genético del ajo. Cultivaresy Producción de Semilla (INTA, Argentina), 2, 32-48.##Mathew, D., Ahmed, Z. & Singh, N. (2005). Formulation of flowering index, morphological relationships and yield prediction system in true garlic aerial seed bulbil production. HortScience, 40, 2036-2039.##Mosavi, A. (1994). Evaluation of characteristics ecophysiological Iranian Tare. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran. Iran. (In Farsi).##Pooler, M. R. & Simon, P. W. (1993). Garlic flowering in response to clone, photoperiod, growth temperature, and cold storage. HortScience, 28, 1085-1086.##Pooler, M. R. (1991). Sexual reproduction in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Wisconsin University, USA.##Pooler, M.R. & Simon, P.W. (1994). True seed production in garlic. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 7, 282-286.##Simon, P. S. & Jenderek, M. M. (2003). Flowering, seed production, and the Genesis of garlic breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews, 23, 211-244.##Takagi, H. (1990). Biochemistry, Food Science, and Minor crops. In: J. L. Brewster, & H. D. Rabinowitch, (Eds.), Onions and Allied Crops. (pp. 109–146). CRC Press.##Vafaii, Y., Dashti, F., Mardi, M. & Ershadi, A. (2009). A detection of genetic diversity among Iranian garlic clones (Allium sativum L.) via morphological characters and AFLP markers. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 40, 13-22. (In Farsi).##Vafaii, Y., Dashti, F., Mozaffari, A. A. & Baghalian, K., (2007). Diversity evaluation of Iranian and several exotic garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones using morphological traits.Journal of the Iranian Society for Horticultural Science, 8, 259-270. (In Farsi).##

0 بررسی تأثیر زمان گرده‏افشانی و محیط‏های کشت متفاوت بر تشکیل کپسول بذر، درصد و سرعت جوانه‏زنی بذور ارکیدۀ فالانوپسیس ('Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Cool Breeze') https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54127.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54127 0 گل‏های ارکیده به‌دلیل زیبایی منحصر به فرد، از گل‏های پرتقاضا در دنیا هستند. در بین جنس‏های ارکیده، از جنس فالانوپسیس استقبال بیشتری شده است و بخش عمده‏ای از فروش جهانی به آن اختصاص دارد. سختی تکثیر به‌دلیل مشکلات جوانه‌زنی بذور و فیزیولوژی پیچیدۀ این گیاه از مشکلات تولید انبوه آن است. تعیین بهترین زمان گرده‏افشانی برای تولید کپسول بذر و تأثیر آن بر جوانه‏زنی بذور، تعیین بهترین غلظت هیپوکلریدسدیم برای ضد عفونی کپسول‏های تولیدی و مقایسۀ سه محیط کشت chen، ½MS و Vacin&Went بر جوانه‏زنی بذور فالانوپسیس از آزمایش‌های بررسی‌شده در این مطالعه بود. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین کپسول بذر از گل‏های گرده‏افشانی شده در دی‌ماه با میانگین07/4 کپسول به‌ازای هر پنج گلچه به دست می‏آید. بهترین نتیجۀ ضد عفونی نیز از تیمار حاوی 4درصد هیپوکلریدسدیم به دست آمد. بیشترین جوانه‌زنی با 97‌درصد در محیط chen و از کپسول‏های تولیدی از گل‏های گرده‏افشانی شده در بهمن‌ماه حاصل شد. گیاهچه‏های تولیدشده پس از کشت در محیط حاوی کوکوپیت، زغال، پوکه‏های صنعتی و خرده‏های یونولیت به نسبت حجمی 1:1:2:4 زنده‏مانی 99‌درصد نشان دادند. 1 Orchids are one of the most popular plants in the world and among them Phalaenopsis genus have the most sales in a Global Market, because of its hard propagation. Micropropagation has been employed recently. In this study, we examined the best time for pollination for producing seed capsules and its effect on seed germination, best hypochlorite concentration for disinfection of seed capsules and comparison of three media; chen, ½ MS and Vacin & Went on seed germination of 'Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Cool Breeze'. The results showed that the highest seed capsules were obtained from the flowers, pollinated in January with an average of 4/07 capsule for every five florets. The best result of dis-infection obtained from 4% hypochlorite treatment. Maximum germination was observed with 97% of the chen medium from capsules produced from flowers treated in February. The resulted seedling had 99% viability when cultured in medium containing cocopeat, charcoal, mineral pumices and fragments composites volume of ratio 1:1:2:4. 77 86 خسرو بالی لاشکی khosro balilashaki دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، استاد، استادیار و دانشجوی سابق دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران khosrobali@ut.ac.ir روح انگیز نادری Roohangiz Naderi دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، استاد، استادیار و دانشجوی سابق دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران rnaderi@ut.ac.ir سیامک کلانتری Siamak Kalantari دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، استاد، استادیار و دانشجوی سابق دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران kalantaris@ut.ac.ir ابوذر سورنی Aboozar Ssoorni دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، استاد، استادیار و دانشجوی سابق دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران soorni64@ut.ac.ir ارکیده زنده‏مانی فالانوپسیس کپسول بذر محیط کشت Arditti, J. (1993). Fundamental of Orchid Biology. Wiley Interscience, New York. 1992 PP.##Arditti, J. 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Plant Cell, 8, 213-239.##Penggow, W., Chang, J.T. & Chang, W.C. (2010). Enham cement of direct somatic embryogenesis and plant grow from leaf explants of Phalaenopsis by adjusting culture Periodand explants length. Acta Physiologiae Plant, 32, 621- 627.##Pierik, R.L.M. (1986). In vitro culture of higher plant. Nirokawa prees, Netherland 406 p.##Rachel, S. & Vanita, B. (2011). The influence of seed maturation on desiccation to lerance in Phalaenopsis amabilis hybrids. Scientia Horticulturae, 128, 136-140.##Rasmussen, H.N. (1995). Terrestrial Orchids from Seed to Mycotrophic Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1564 PP.##Shamra, R.D.K., Shamra, B. & Majumdar, S. (2005). Micropropagation of Dendrobium Filmbriatum Hook by Green pod Culture. Journal of Plant Biology, 48, 253-257.##

0 اثر سیستم‌های تربیت و سطوح هرس بر عملکرد و کیفیت کیوی Effect of training system and pruning severity on the yield and fruit quality characteristics of kiwifruit https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54128.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54128 0 باردهی مداوم و تولید میوه‌های باکیفیت در کیوی، مستلزم تربیت صحیح اولیه و هرس سالیانۀ منظم است. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر سه نوع سیستم تربیت شامل تی‌بار (T-bar) به‌منزلۀ سیستم تربیت رایج، تی- وای تغییریافته (MTY) و وای شکل (Y)، و دو سطح شدت هرس (60 و 80 جوانه به‌ازای هر درخت) بر عملکرد و کیفیت میوۀ کیوی رقم هایوارد انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1391 انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین میزان عملکرد هر تاک در تیمار Y80 و بیشترین میزان سفتی بافت میوه، TSS و TSS/TA در تیمار Y60 مشاهده شد. کمترین درصد مادۀ خشک میوه مربوط به تیمار MTY60 و ویتامین c میوه به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای Y60، Y80 و MTY60 بیشترین میزان بود. بیشترین میزان فنل‌ کل در تیمارهای Y60 و MTY60 و بیشترین کلروفیل‌ کل و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی عصارۀ میوه‌ها در تیمار Y60 مشاهده شد. بر‌اساس نتایج این پژوهش، سیستم تربیت Y و سطح هرس 60 جوانه‌ای به‌ازای هر تاک، به‌ترتیب سبب افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت میوۀ کیوی شد. 1 Continual bearing and production of the highest quality fruits in kiwi requires initial training and regular annual pruning. Effects of three training systems including T-bar, as a common training system, Modified TY (MTY) and Y-shape (Y), and two pruning levels (60 and 80 buds per vine) was studied on yield and quality characteristics of kiwifruit ‘Hayward’. Experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2012. Results showed that the highest yield was obtained in Y80 treatment and the highest content of fruit tissue firmness, TSS and TSS/TA ratio were observed in Y60 treatment. The lowest fruit dry matter percentage belonged to MTY60, but fruits vitamin C was observed in Y60, Y80 and MTY60 systems. The highest content of total phenol was obtained in Y60 and MTY60 systems. However, the highest content of fruits extract total chlorophyll and antioxidant capacity at harvest time was observed in Y60. According to the results of this study, Y training system and pruning level of 60 buds per vine increased yield and quality of kiwifruit, respectively.   87 97 مهتاب مرادی دیگه سرا Mahtab Mmoradiedigehsara دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی‏ارشد و استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه خلیج‌فارس بوشهر ایران mmoradiedigehsara@yahoo.com عبدالعلی حسامی Abdolali Hesami دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی‏ارشد و استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه خلیج‌فارس بوشهر ایران alihesami4400@yahoo.com محمود قاسم نژاد Mahmood Ghasemnezhad دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان ایران sana1385@yahoo.com تربیت سطح برگ ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی کیفیت میوه کیوی نور هرس Asbahi Sis, S., Ebadi, A., Zamani, Z. A., Vezvaii, A., Naghavi, M. R. & Talaii, A. (2004). The effect of three types of training systems on yield and quality of five cultivars of grapes. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5(4), 189-200.##Antognozzi, E., Boco, M., Famiani, F., Palliotti, A. & Tombesi, A. (1995). 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0 بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی پوترسین بر افزایش تحمل دانهال‌های گردوی ایرانی(Juglans regia L.) به تنش خشکی Effect of foliar application of putrescine to enhance drought tolerance of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54129.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54129 0 به‌منظور بررسی اثر محلول‏پاشی غلظت‏های مختلف پوترسین بر افزایش تحمل دانهال‏های گردوی ایرانی به تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایۀ کاملاً تصادفی با 9 تیمار و 20 تکرار در یک گلخانۀ کاملاً کنترل‌شده اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل پوترسین در غلظت‏های صفر، 5/0 و 1 میلی‏مولار و تنش خشکی در سه سطح شاهد (80‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، تنش متوسط (50‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و تنش شدید (20‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بودند. نتایج مربوط به پارامترهای مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی نشان داد که محلول‏پاشی دانهال‌ها با غلظت 1‏‏ میلی‏مولار پوترسین با تأثیر بر پارامترهای فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی و بهبود فعالیت آنزیم‏های آنتی‌اکسیدانی (افزایش آنزیم‏های کاتالاز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز و گایاکول پراکسیداز) سبب افزایش تحمل دانهال‏های گردوی ایرانی به تنش خشکی می‌‌شود. بیشترین میزان طول ساقه (67/35 سانتی‌متر)، سطح برگ (6/303 سانتی‌متر مربع)، محتوای نسبی آب برگ (51/58‌درصد)، وزن تر کل (20/47 گرم) و کمترین نشت یونی (28/28‌درصد) مربوط به تیمار 1 میلی‌مولار پوترسین است. مشخص شد که محلول‌پاشی پوترسین با غلظت 1 میلی‌مولار می‌تواند در افزایش تحمل دانهال‌های گردوی ایرانی (Juglans regia L.) به تنش خشکی مؤثر است. 1   To study the effect of foliar application of putrescine on enhanceing drought tolerance of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings, an experiment had been carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design in a controlled greenhouse with 9 treatments and 20 replications. In this study, treatments were putrescine (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and three stress levels including control (80% of field capacity), moderate drought stress (50% field capacity) and severe drought stress (20% field capacity). The results of morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters showed that these parameters were affected by the stress levels as well as different concentrations of putrescine. Foliar spray of 1mM putrescine affected the physiological and biochemical parameters and enhanced the tolerance of Persian walnut seedlings to drought stress through improving antioxidant activity systems (via increasing catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase). The highest rate of shoot length (35.67 cm), leaf area (303.6 cm), leaf relative water content (58.51%), the total fresh weight (47.20 mg) and the lowest ion leakage (28.28%) was related to 1 mM putrescine treatment. It was found that foliar spray of 1mM putrescine was effective on enhanceing drought tolerance of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings. 99 109 پریسا پروین Parisa Parvin دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و استادیار، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی ایران parisa.parvin35@yahoo.com مسعود خضری Masood Khezri دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و استادیار، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی ایران khezri@uk.ac.ir آنزیم‏های آنتی‌اکسیدانی پلی‌آمین‏ها ظرفیت زراعی Alexieva, V., Sergiev, I., Mapelli, S. & Karanov, E. (2001). The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environmental, 24, 1337-1344.##Amri, E. & Shahsavar, A. R. (2010). Response of lime seedlings (citrus aurantifolia l.) to exogenous spermidine treatments under drought stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(9), 4483-4489.##Amri, E., Mirzaei, M., Moradi, M. & Zare, K. (2011). 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0 تأثیر دگرگرده‌افشانی بر درصد تشکیل، خواص کمّی و کیفی میوۀ انگور رقم قزل‌اوزوم Effects of cross pollination on fruit set and some quality and quantity fruit traits of grape cultivar qezel ouzum https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54130.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54130 0 برخی ارقام انگور گل مادۀ فیزیولوژیک دارند و برای تشکیل میوه به گرده‌زای مناسب نیازمندند. در صورت کشت خالص آن‌ها، میزان تشکیل میوه به‌شدت کاهش می‏یابد. برای بررسی اثرات دگرگرده‌افشانی چهار رقم انگور عسگری، ریش‌بابا، بی‏دانۀ سفید و تبرزۀ سفید بر درصد تشکیل میوه، وزن، اندازۀ خوشه، وزن چوب خوشه، Tss، TA، pH آب و رنگ میوۀ انگور قزل‏اوزوم و مقایسۀ آن با خود و گرده‌افشانی آزاد این پژوهش بر پایۀ طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. جوانه‌زنی گردۀ والد گرده‌گیرنده در محیط جامد و مایع اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای گرده‌افشانی از نظر وزن خوشه، وزن چوب خوشه، تعداد حبه، درصد تشکیل میوه و pH اختلاف معنا‏داری داشتند. بیشترین وزن خوشه و بالاترین درصد تشکیل میوه در دگرگرده‌افشانی با گردۀ رقم بی‌دانه بود و این رقم به‌منزلۀ گرده‌زای مناسب برای قزل‌اوزوم توصیه می‌شود. در هر دو محیط کشت، دانه‌‏های گردۀ قزل‌اوزوم جوانه نزدند و در شرایط خود گرده‏افشانی هیچ میوه‏ای تشکیل نشد. بر این اساس این رقم انگور نر عقیم است و برای تولید میوه نیاز به گرده‌زای مناسب دارد. 1     A number of grapevine cultivars have female flowers and for better fruit set, they need pollinizer. Single planting of these cultivars leads to severe decrease in fruit set. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of cross pollination with four grape cultivars (Askari, Rish baba, Bidane sefid and Tabarze sefid) on fruit set, bunch weight, berry per cluster, average weight of 20 berries, TA, TSS, pH and berry color of cv. Qezel ouzum to compare self and open pollination. Experiment was based on RCBD with four replications and seven treatments. Pollen germination of maternal parent was tested in both solid and liquid media culture. Results showed that cluster and rachis weight, %fruit set, berry number and pH were significantly affected by pollen sources. The heaviest bunch and the highest %fruit set of ‘Qezel ozum’ was obtained when cross pollinated with ‘Bidane sefid’. No pollen germination was observed in both culture media and no berry set in vineyard conditions in self pollination treatment. Based on these finding, Qezel ouzum of urmia is a male sterile cultivar which requires suitable pollinizer for commercial production. 111 118 حامد دولتی بانه Hamed Doulati Baneh دانشیار پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ارومیه ایران ah_dolati@yahoo.com نرجس خاتون عابدی Narjes Khatoon Abedi کارشناس ارشد باغبانی، مدیریت جهاد کشاورزی خلخال ایران narjes.abedi@yahoo.com رسول جلیلی مرندی Rasul Jalili Marandi دانشیار گروه باغبانی دانشگاه ارومیه ایران دانه‌گرده زنیا گرده‏زا مادۀ فیزیولوژیک متازنیا Bahmani, A., Grigorian, V., Valizadeh, M. & Vezvaei, V. (2002). Effects of pollen type and nature on fruit size and certain tasting characters of almond kernel (Prunus amygdalus Btsch). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 33(2), 289-296. (In Farsi).##Barbieri, C., Baroni, A., Sgarbi, E., Bignami, C., Meglioraldi, S., Storchi, M. & Silvestroni, O. (2010). Pollination and fruit set: critical factors for the production of the grapevine cultivar 'Malbo gentile. Acta Horticulturae, 932(1), 155-162.##Carreno, J., Faraj, S. & Martinez, A. (1997). Effects of girdling and covering mesh on ripening colour and fruit characteristics of ‘Italia’ grapes. Journal of Horticulture Science and Biotechnology, 73, 103-106.##Colbert, S. &  de Oliveira, D. (1990). Influence of Pollen Variety on Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Development. Journal of heredity, 81(6), 434-437.##Conner, P.J. (2009). Performance of Muscadine Grape Cultivars in Southern Georgia. Journal of the American Pomological Society, 63(3), 101-107.##Coombe, B.G. (2001). Ripening berries - a critical issue. Australian Viticulture, 5, 28-33.##Crane, J.C. & Iwakiri, B. T. (1980). Xenia and metaxenia in pistachio. Hort Sciense, 15:180-5.##Creighton, L., Gupton, L. & James, M., Spiers. (1994). Interspecific and Intraspecific Pollination effects in Rabbit eye and Southern Highbush Blue berry. HortScience, 29(4), 324-326.##Daulta, B.S. & Chauhan, K.S. (1983). 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0 تأثیر کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و زیستی فسفر بر عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی ریحان (Ocimum basilicum) Study on the effect of chemical, organic and bio- phosphorus fertilizer on yield and essence of basil (Ocimum basilicum) https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54131.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54131 0 به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کودهای فسفر بر عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی ریحانآزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در منطقۀ جیرفت انجام شد. تیمارها شامل: کود بارور 2 در سه سطح (20،10 و 25 گرم در هکتار)، کود گاوی در سه سطح (5، 10 و 15 تن در هکتار)، کودهای شیمیایی سوپرفسفات تریپل و فسفات آمونیوم هر کدام در سه سطح (50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و شاهد بودند. پس از اعمال تیمارها، صفاتی نظیر عملکرد، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد بذر، تعداد خوشه، وزن تک‌بوته، میزان اسانس، سطح برگ و تعداد برگ اندازه‏گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمارهای مختلف بر صفات، عملکرد، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد بذر، سطح برگ، درصد اسانس و وزن تک‌بوته در سطح احتمال یک‌درصد معنا‏دار شد و بر تعداد خوشه و تعداد برگ معنا‏دار نشد. تیمار کود گاوی بالاترین تأثیر را بر ارتفاع بوته، اسانس، وزن تک‌بوته، تعداد برگ و سطح برگ داشت. تیمار کود بارور 2 تنها بر تعداد بذر بیشترین تأثیر را داشت. تیمار کود سوپر‌فسفات تریپل بیشترین تأثیر را بر تعداد خوشه و سطح برگ داشت. در‌مجموع تیمار کود گاوی بیشترین تأثیر را در مقایسه با سایر تیمارهای استفاده‌شده داشت. 1 This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilizers on the yield and essential oils of basil. This experiment was carried out in completely randomized block design with three replications in Jiroft area. The treatments included three levels of Barvar 2 (10, 20 and 25 g/ha), cow manure at three levels (5, 10 and 15 ton/ha), ammonium phosphate and superphosphate triple each at three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha). Traits such as yield, plant height, seed number, panicle weight per plant, essential oil amount, leaf area, and leaf number were measured. The results showed that the treatments significantly affected yield, plant height, seed number, panicle weight per plant, essential oil amount, and leaf area at 1% level of significance but did not significantly affect the number of clusters and the leaf number. Cow manure treatment had the highest yield, plant height, essential oil, weight per plant, number of leaves and leaf area. Barvar 2 treatments had the highest effect only on the number of fertile seeds. Fertilizer treatments of superphosphate triple had the greatest impact on the number of leaf clusters. Overall, cow manures compared to other treatments had the highest impact. 119 129 حسین شکفته Hosein Shekofte استادیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولیعصر(عج)، رفسنجان ایران hoseinshekofteh@yahoo.com امر الله مارزی Amrollah Marzi دانشجویان سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد جیرفت ایران amrollahmarzi@yahoo.com سمیه غفاری شهرآباد Somayeh Ghafari Sharabad دانشجویان سابق کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد جیرفت ایران lecturetime7@gmail.com بارور 2 جیرفت کودهای بیولوژیک کود گاوی Alijani, M., Amini Dehaghi, M., Malboobi, M. A., Zahedi, M. & Modares Sanavi, S. A. M. (2011). The effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizer together with phosphate bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on yield, essential oil amount and chamazulene percentage of Matricaria recutita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(3), 450-459.##Amini, A. (1995). 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Effect of mycorhiza, vermin compost and phosphate biofertilizer application on flowering, biological yield and root colonization in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10 (1), 88-109. (In Farsi)##Fatma, A. G., Lobna, A. M. & Osman, N. M. (2008). Effect of compost and biofertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10(4), 381-387.##Fallahi, J., Kocheki, A. & Rezvani Moghadam, P. (2009). Effect of biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Matricaria chamomilla L. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research, 7(1), 127-135. (In Farsi)##Gorgi Anari, M., Rafahi, H. Gh. and Alikhani, H. A. (2007). Effect of manure and biofertilizer in production of Lentil. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(2), 305-311. (In Farsi)##Hazarika, D. K., Taluk Dar, N. C., Phookan, A. K., Saikia, U. N., Das, B. C. & Deka, P. C. (2000). 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Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in areanut (Areca catechu L.) plantation in India. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 78-83.##Swaefy Hend, M. F., Weaam, R. A., Sabh, A. Z. & Ragab, A. A. (2007). Effect of some chemical and biofertilizers on pepper mint plants grown in sandy soil. Agricultural Sciences, 52(2), 451-463.##Tahami–Zarandi, S. M. K. (2010). Assessment of organic, biologic and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and essence of basil.MSc. dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashahad, Iran.##Tahami-Zarandi, S. M. K., Rezavani Moghadam, P. & Jahan, M. (2010). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential percentage of basil (Osimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology, 2(1), 63-74. (In Farsi)##Taleghani, D., Sadegh Zadeh Hemaiati, S., Noshad, H., Tohidlo, Gh., Dehghan Shoar, M. & Hamdi, F. (2006). Effect of different amount of manure on quantitative and qualitative characteristicsof sugar beet in rotation with wheat. Journal of Sugar Beet, 22(2), 67-78. (In Farsi)##Vazan, S., Malboobi, M. A., Madani, H. & Anoshe, A. (2005). Effect of mineral and bio-fertilizer on yield of two sorghum cultivars under salt stress. 9the Iranian Soil Science Congress. Karj, Iran.##Zarin Kafsh, M. (1992). Soil Fertility and Fertilizer production. Teheran University Press. 319 Pp.##

0 اثر سیستم تربیت و محلول‌پاشی با کلسیم در بهبود رنگ و ترکیب عناصر غذایی میوۀ سیب رقم «گالا» و «دلبار استیوال» Effect of training system and calcium chloride foliar application on improving fruit colour and mineral nutrient composition of apple cvs. Gala and Delbarestival https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54132.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54132 0 سیستم‌های تربیت و محلول‌پاشی با کلسیم می‌تواند با تغییر ترکیب معدنی میوه رنگ‌گیری میوه‌های سیب را بهبود بخشد. در این پژوهش، اثر محلول‌پاشی کلرید‌کلسیم با غلظت‌های مختلف (صفر، 75/0، 5/1 و 3 گرم در لیتر) طی 2، 4 و 6 هفته قبل از برداشت بر غلظت عناصر غذایی و شاخص‌های رنگ میوۀ سیب رقم‌های «گالا» و «دلبار استیوال» تربیت‌شده با سه سیستم مختلف (V شکل، هایتک و کردون)، بررسی شد.نتایج نشان داد که نوع سیستم تربیت و محلول‌پاشی با کلسیم تأثیر معناداری بر غلظت عناصر غذایی و شاخص‌های رنگ میوۀ سیب داشت. میوۀ سیب رقم گالا که به‌صورت V شکل و هایتک تربیت شده بودند رنگ‌گیری مطلوب‌تری در مقایسه با سیستم کردون داشته است، اما میوۀ رقم دلبار استیوال تنها در سیستم هایتک رنگ‌گیری مطلوب‌تری داشت. به‌علاوه میزان کلسیم میوه‌های رقم گالا در سیستم‌های V شکل و هایتک و رقم دلبار استیوال در سیستم هایتک بالاتر بوده است. محلول‌پاشی کلسیم توانست شاخص رنگ a* پوست میوه را که نشان‌دهندۀ سنتز رنگیزۀ آنتوسیانین و تولید رنگ قرمز است به‌طور معناداری افزایش دهد. غلظت فسفر و پتاسیم در رقم دلبار استیوال تیمار‌شده تا 5/1 گرم در لیتر کلسیم افزایش یافت، ولی در غلظت بالاتر کلسیم میزان آن‌ها کاهش یافت. در‌مجموع‌ نتایج نشان داد که بهبود رنگ‌گیری میوه‏های سیب رقم گالا در سیستم‏های تربیتی هایتک و V شکل و رقم دلبار استیوال در سیستم تربیتی هایتک و با محلول‌پاشی با کلسیم 5/1 گرم در لیتر با سه نوبت محلول‌پاشی می‌تواند به‌واسطۀ افزایش غلظت کلسیم در میوه باشد.   1 Training systems and calcium foliar application can improve apple fruits pigmentation by changing mineral compositions. In this study, effect of foliar application of calcium chloride with different concentrations (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 g L-1) over 2, 4 and 6 weeks before harvest time on fruit mineral nutrient composition and colour values of apple cvs. Gala and Delbarestival which trained in three different systems (V shape, HighTech and Cordon) was investigated. The results showed that training systems and calcium foliar application had a significant effect on apple fruit mineral nutrient composition and colour values. Apple fruit cv. Gala which treated V- shape and HighTech showed suitable pigmentation as compare to cordon, but the favorite fruits pigmentation was found in Delbarestival, when trained in High Tech. Furthermore, the highest calcium concentration was found at V- shape and HighTech for Gala fruits and HighTech for Delbarestival. Calcium foliar application could increase significantly fruit peel a* value that means anthocyanin pigment synthesis and red colour production. Phosphorous and potassium contentin ‘Delbarestival’ fruits were sprayed to 1.5 g L-1 calcium increased but their content decreased in higher concentration of calcium application. Overall, the results showed that color improvement of ‘Gala’ apple fruits in HighTech and V shape systems and ‘Delbarestival’ fruits in HighTech system which spray 1.5 g L-1 calcium at three times could be due to increasing calcium concentration in fruits. 131 140 عرفان سپهوند Erfan Sepahvand دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان ایران esepahvand@ut.ac.ir محمدرضا فتاحی مقدم Mohamad Reza Fatahimoghadam دانشیار، استاد و استادیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران fattahi@ut.ac.ir محمود قاسم نژاد Mahmood Ghasemnezhad دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و دانشیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان ایران sana1385@yahoo.com علیرضا طلایی Alireza Talaei دانشیار، استاد و استادیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران atalaie@ut.ac.ir محمد علی عسکری سرچشمه Mohamad Ali Askari دانشیار، استاد و استادیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران askari@ut.ac.ir سیب سیستم‌های تربیت کلرید‌کلسیم عناصر غذایی رنگ‌گیری Asbahi, S., Ebadi, A., Zamani, Z., Vezvaie, A., Naghavi, M. & Talaie, A. (2004) Influence of three training systems on fruit yield and quality of five grapevine cultivars. Horticulture Science, 5(4), 189-200. (In Persian).##Dolaty Baneh, H., Hasani, A., Majidi, A., Zomorrodi, Sh, Hasani, Gh. & Malakouti, M.J. (2002). Effect of concentration CaCl2 on fruit tissue firmness of red delicious apple in Urumia region. Journal of Agriculture Science, 12(4), 47-54.##Ernami, P.R., Dias, J., Do Amarante, C.V.T., Ribeiro, D.C. & Rogeri, D. (2008). Preharvest calcium sprays were not always needed to improve fruit quality of ‘Gala’ apples in Brazil. Revista Brasilian de Fruticalture, 30, 892-896.##FAO. (2011). Food and Agricultural Commodities Production.http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx.##Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of Temperate-Zone Fruit Trees. John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A. 388 p.##Ferree, D.C. & Warrington, I.J. (2003). Apples: Botany, production and uses. CABI publishing. 660 pp.## Hassan, H., Sarrwy, S., Mostafa, E. & Dorria, M. (2010). Influence of training systems on leaf mineral contents, growth, yield and fruit quality of “Anna” apple trees. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6(4), 443-448.##Jones, C.G. & Hartley, S.E.. (1999). A protein competition model of phenolic allocation, Oikos, 86, 27-44.##Kadir, SA. (2004). Fruit quality at harvest of ‘Jonathan’ apple treated with foliarly-applied calcium choloride. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 11, 1991-2006.##Konopacka, D. & Płocharski. W. J. (2002). Effect of picking maturity, storage technology and shelf life on changes of apple firmness of 'Elstar', 'Jonagold' and 'Gloster' cultivars. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 10, 11-26.##Lanauskas, J. & Kviklienė, N. (2006). Effect of calcium foliar application on some fruit quality characteristics of ‘Sinap Orlovskij’ apple. Agronomy Research, 4(1), 31-36.##Li, Z.H., Gemma, H. & Iwahori, S. (2002). Stimulation of ‘Fuji’ apple skin color by ethephon and phosphorus-calcium mixed compounds in relation to flavonoid synthesis. Scientia Horticulturae, 94, 193-199.##Mahmood Zadeh, H., Rasouli, V. & Ghorbanian, D. (2009). Effect of Some Training Systems on Vegetative Growth, Fruit Yield and Fruit Quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Sefid Bidaneh in Takestan Region. Seed and Plant, 25(4), 374-387. (In Persian).##Pek, Z., Helyes, L. & Lugasi, A. (2010). Color changes and antioxidant content on vine and postharvest ripened tomato fruits. Horticulture Science, 45, 465-468.##Rosenberger, D.A., Schupp, J.R., Hoying, S.A., Cheng, L. & Watkins, C.B. (2004). Controlling bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples. Horticultural technology and Science, 14(3), 342-349.##Sosna, I. & Czaplicka, M. (2008). The influence of two training systems on growth and cropping of three pear cultivars. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 16, 75-81##Tomala, K. & Soska, A. (2004). 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0 اثر 6- بنزیل آمینو‌پورین و سایکوسل بر تولید ریزغده در دو رقم سیب‏زمینی در شرایط درون‌شیشه‌ای Hamid Reza Roosta1*, Samira vaziri Nasab2 and Mahmoud Raghami3 https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54133.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54133 0 به‌منظور بررسی اثر غلظت‏های مختلف 6-بنزیل آمینو‌پورین (BAP) و سایکوسل (CCC) بر تولید ریزغده (میکروتیوبر) در دو رقم سیب‏زمینی در شرایط درون‌شیشه‏ای، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایۀ کاملاً تصادفی در 4 تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل BAP در 4 غلظت صفر، 5، 10 و 15 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر، CCC در 4 غلظت صفر، 250، 500 و 1000 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر و رقم سیب‌زمینی در دو سطح (سانته[1] و آریندا[2]) بود. نتایج نشان داد که بهترین رقم برای تولید ریزغدۀ رقم آریندا و بهترین ترکیب تنظیم‏کننده‏های رشد گیاهی از نظر تعداد ریزغده، غلظت 10 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر BAP+250 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر CCC بود. اگرچه بیشترین عملکرد ریزغده در غلظت 5 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر BAP و بدون حضور CCC به دست آمد. وزن خشک و قطر غده در غلظت 10 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر BAP و بدون حضور CCC به بیشترین مقدار خود رسید. از سوی دیگر عملکرد و تعداد ریزغدۀ بالا و اندازۀ بزرگ‌تر آن‌ها که ناشی از تیمار BAP و CCC بود، با کاهش طول شاخساره و ریشه همراه بود. [1]. Sante [2]. Arinda 1 In order to find the most effective concentration of 6-Banzilamino purine (BAP) and cycocel (CCC) on microtuber production of two potato cultivars under tissue culture conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out with randomized compelete design with 4 replications. Four levels of BAP (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) and four levels of CCC (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1) were applied on two potato cultivares (Sante and Arinda). Results showed that the best cultivar for microtuber production was Arinda and the best plant growth regulator combination regarding to microtuber number was 10 mg L-1 BAP+250 mg L-1 CCC. Although, the highest microtuber yield achived at 5 mg L-1 BAP without CCC. Tuber dry weight and tuber diameter were reached to the highest levels at 10 mg L-1 BAP without CCC. On the other hand, higher microtuber number, yield, and the larger microtuber, acompanied with decrease of shoot and root length were obtained with BAP and CCC application.   141 156 حمیدرضا روستا Hamid Reza Roosta دانشیار، دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولیعصر(عج) رفسنجان ایران roosta_h@yahoo.com سمیرا وزیری نسب Samira Vaziri Nasab دانشیار، دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولیعصر(عج) رفسنجان ایران manag_46@yahoo.com محمود رقامی Mahmoud Raghami دانشیار، دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد و استادیار، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولیعصر(عج) رفسنجان ایران mraghami@vru.ac.ir ریزغده BAP (6- بنزیل آمینو‌پورین) CCC (سایکوسل) Akita, M. & S. Takayama. (1994). Stimulation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuberization by semicontinuous liquid mediumsurface level control. Plant Cell Report, 3, 184-187.##Al-Safadi, B., Ayyoubi Z. & Jawdat. D. (2000). The action on effect of gamma irradiation on potato microtuber production in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Plant Cell, Culture, 61, 183-187.##Aphalo, P., Rikala, R. & Sa´nchez, R.A. (1997). Effect of CCC on th morphology and growth potential of containerised silver birch seedlings. New Forestery, 14, 167-177.##Aryakia, Y. & Hamidoghli, E. (2010). Comparison of Kinetin and 6- Banzyl Amino Purine Effect on in vitro Microtuberization of Two Cultivars of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture & Environment Science, 8(6), 710-714.##Aslam, A., & Iqbal, J. (2010). Combined effect of cytokinin and sucrose on in vitrotuberization parameters of two cultivars i.e., diamant and red norland of potato (solanum tuberosum). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(2), 1093-1102.##Dashtban, A. & laei, Gh. (1997) Investigation of the methods of potato storing into the soil. 5th congress of Horticultural Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, pp 415. (In Farsi)##Davies, H.V. (1988) Rapid determination of glucose, fructose and sucrose in potato tubers by capillary gas chromatography. Potato Research 31: 569-572.##Donnelly, D., Coleman, K. & Ecoleman, S. (2003). Potato microtuber production and performance. American Journal of Potato, 80, 103-115.##Ebadi, M. & Iranbakhsh, A. (1999). Induction and growth of potato microtubers cv Sante in response to the different concentration of banzylaminopurine and sucrose in tissue culture condition. Journal of Basic Sciences of Islamic Azad University, 78(1), 1-14. (In Farsi)##FAO. (2000). FAO Yearbook Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation, Rome.##Gopal, J., Minocha, L. & Dhaliwal, H.S. (1998). Microtuberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Cell Report, 17, 794-798.##Hussain, I., Chaudhery, Z., Muhamad, A., Asghar, R. & Rashid, H. (2006). Effect of chlorocholine chloride, sucrose and BAP on in vitro tubrization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. CV. Cardinal). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(2), 275-282.##Kawakami, J., Kazuto, I., Toshihiro, H. & Yutaka, J. (2003). Growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields. American Journal of Potato Research, 80, 371-378.##Kefi, S., Pavlista, A.D. Read P.E. & Kachman, S.D. (2000). Comparsion of thidiazuron and two nitroguanidines to kinetin on potato micrituberization in vitro under short and long days. Plant Growth Regulators, 19, 429- 436.##Leclerc Y., Doimelly, D. & Seabrook, J.E.A. (1994). Microtuberization of layered shoots and nodal cuttings of potato: The influence of growth regulators and incubation periods. Plant, Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 37, 113-120.##Liu, J. & Xie, C. (2001). Correlation of cell division and cell expansion to potato microtuber growth in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 67, 159-164.##Naik., P. & Karihaloo, J. (2007). Micropropagation for Production of Quality Potato Seed in Asia-Pacific. Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. 54 P.##Peng, M., Wang, X. & Li, L. (2010). The Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Active Charcoal on the Development of Microtubers of Potatoes.American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 1535-1540##Piao, X.C., Chakrabarty, D., Hahn, E.J. & Paek, K.Y. (2003). A simple method for mass production of potato microtubers using a bioreactor system. Current Scientists, 84, 1129-1132.##Rolot, J. L., Seutine, H. & Michelant, D. (2002). Production de minituber cules depomme de terre par hydroponic. Biotechnology Agronomy Society and Enviroment, 6(3), 155-161.##Sharma, S., Kaure, N. & Gupta, A. (1998).Effect of chlorocholine chloride sprays on the carbohydrate composition and activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Growth Regulation, 26, 97-103.##Shibli, R.A., Abu-Ein, A.M. & Ajlouni, M.M. (2001). In vitro and in vivo multiplication of virus free ‘Spunta’ potato. Pakistan Botany, 33, 35-41.##Struik, P.C. & Wiersema, S.G. (1999). Seed Potao technology. wageningen pers,wageninhen, Plant Cell,Tissus and Organ Culture, 65, 173-174.##Tovar, P., Estrada, R., Schilde-Rentschler, L. & Dodds, J. H. (1985). Induction and use of in vitro potato tubers. CIP Circular, 13(4), 1-5.##Vreugdenhil, D. (2007). Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives. Elsevier. 2td,oxford, UK.##Wang, H.Q. & Xiao, L.T. (2009). Effects of chlorocholine chloride on phytohormones and photosynthetic characteristics in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of Plant Growth Regulators, 28, 21–27.##Wang, H., Xiao, L., Tang, J. & Liu, F. (2010). Foliar application of chlorocholine chloride improves leaf mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 125, 521-523.##Zhang, Z., Zhou, W. & Li, H. (2005). The role of GA, IAA and BAP in the regulation of in vitro shoot growth and microtuberization in potato. ACTA Physiologiae Plantarum, 27 (3B), 363-369.##Hussey, G., & Stacey, N.J. (1984). Factors affecting the formation of in vitro tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Annual Botany, 53,565–578. 19.    Nistor, A., Campeanu, G., Atanaslu, N., Chiro, N. & Karcsony, D. (2010). Influence of Genotype over Microtubers Production. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(1), 209 - 212.##Sanchez, G.E., Slack, S.A., & Dodds, J.H. (1991). Response of selected Solanum species to virus eradication therapy. American Potato Journal 68, 299–315.##

0 بررسی اثر روش کشت نشایی و سوخچه بر تاریخ تشکیل سوخ و شاخص‌های رشد ژنوتیپ‏های پیاز Evaluation of the effect of transplant and set methods on bulbing date and growth indices of onion genotypes https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54134.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54134 0 به‌منظور بررسی اثر روش‏های کشت بر تاریخ تشکیل سوخ و شاخص‏های رشد ژنوتیپ‏های پیاز آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‏های خرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان انجام گرفت. عامل اصلی دو روش کاشت: نشایی و سوخچه و عامل فرعی چهار ژنوتیپ: پیاز اصلاح‌شده بهبهان؛ تودۀ محلی رامهرمز؛ رقم تگزاس ارلی‏گرانو و پریماورا بود. تاریخ تشکیل سوخ به روش نسبت تشکیل سوخ و مجموع تجمعی تخمین زده شد. در روش کشت سوخچه، تاریخ تشکیل سوخ از تاریخ 28 دی‌ماه تا 21 بهمن‌ماه متغیر بود. در روش کشت نشایی، سوخ از تاریخ 22 بهمن‌ماه تا 9 اسفند‌ماه تشکیل شد. بیشترین سرعت رشد نسبی گیاه (094/0 گرم در گرم در روز) به پیاز اصلاح‌شدۀ بهبهان تعلق داشت. بیشترین سرعت رشد محصول (45/ 21 گرم در متر‌مربع در روز) و سوخ (97/25 گرم در متر‌مربع در روز) در رقم پریماورا مشاهده شد. بیشترین شاخص سطح برگ (21/5) به رقم تگزاس ارلی‌گرانو مربوط بود. بر‌اساس نتایج این آزمایش به‌منظور زودرس کردن پیاز در خوزستان کاشت رقم پریماورا به روش کشت سوخچه با میانگین عملکرد 17/80 تن در هکتار توصیه می‏شود.‏   1 The current experiment was carried out to evaluate qualitative and quantitativeof three melons (Cucumis melo gp. Ameri) accssions named Zardjalal, Ananasi and Khanoti. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and three replications at research field of Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Five commercial cucurbit hybrids named Ace, Shintozwa, ShintoHongto, Zuktozwa and Ferro were used as rootstock. Non-grafted plants of Zardjalal, Ananasi and Khanoti were used as control. The results show that, rootstock and scion had significant effect on qualityandquantity traits. According to results, maximum numbers of fruits per plant (4.76 no) were related to Zardjalal accession on Zuktozwa rootstock. The high marketable fruits numbers (3.16 no) and high yield per plant (8.44 kg) belong to Zardjalal accession grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock to compare other accessions and rootstocks. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had the highest diameter of the graft, scion diameter and rootstock diameter. Zardjalal and Ananasi accessions grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had superlative shoot dry matter with 12.89 and 12.72%, respectively. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had most fruit dry matter with 11.86%. The high cravity (9.5 mm) was seen in Zardjalal accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had the low fruit length, fruit diameter and flesh thickness. Ananasi accession with high brix (11%) was produced sweetest fruits. 157 168 عبدالستار دارابی Abdosattar Darabi استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان ایران darabi6872@yahoo.com سرعت رشد نسبی سرعت رشد محصول شاخص سطح برگ نسبت تشکیل سوخ Ahn, S. J., Im, Y.J., Chung, G. C., Cho, B. H. & Suh, S. R. (1999). Physiological response of grafted-cucumber leaves and rootstock roots by low root temperature. Scientia Horticulturae,81, 397-408.##Chung, H. D. & Lee, J. M. (2007). Rootstocks for grafting. In: Horticulture in Korea. Korean Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 162-167.##Crin, P., LoBianco, C., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Saccardo, F. & Paratore, A. (2007). Evaluation of rootstock resistance to fusarium wilt and gummy stem blight and effect on yield and quality of a grafted ‘Inodorus’ melon. HortScience, 42, 521-525.##Davis, A. R., Perkins-Veazie, P., Sakata, Y., Lopez-Galarza, S., Maroto, J. V., Lee, S. G., Huh, Y. C., Sun, Z., Miguel, A., King, S. R., Cohen, R. & Lee, J. M. (2008). Cucurbit grafting. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 27, 50-74.##Edelstein, M., Burger, Y., Horev, C., Porat, A., Meir, A. & Cohen, R. (2004). Assessing the effect of genetic and anatomic variation of Cucurbita rootstocks on vigour, survival and yield of grafted melons. Journal of Horticultural Sciences & Biotechnology, 79, 370-374.##FAOSTAT. (2010). 23 June 2010. <http://faostat. fao.org/site/340/default.aspx>.##Hoyos, P. (2001). Influence of different rootstocks on the yield and quality of greenhouses grown cucumbers. Acta Horticulturae, 559, 139-143.##Kashi, A., Salehi, R. & Javanpour, R. (2008). Grafting technology in vegetable crop production (1th Ed.). Agriculture Education Pub, 212 p. (In Farsi)##Kato, T. & Lou, H. (1989). Effect of rootstock on the yield, mineral nutrition and hormone level in xylem sap in eggplant. Journal of Japanese Society of Horticultural Sciences, 58, 345-352.##Koutsika-Sotiriou, M. & Traka-Mavrona, E. (2002). The cultivation of grafted melons in Greece, current status and prospects. Acta Horticulturae, 579, 325-330.##Lee, J. M. & Oda, M. (2003). Grafting of herbaceous vegetable and ornamental crops. Horticultural Reviews, 28, 127-134.##Lee, J. M. (1994). Cultivation of grafted vegetables I. Current status, grafting methods and benefits. HortScience, 29, 235-239.##Lee, J. M., Kubota, C., Tsao, S. J., Bie, Z., Hoyos Echevarria, P., Morra, L. & Oda, M. (2010). Current status of vegetable grafting: diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Scientia Horticulturae, 127, 93-105.##Miguel, A. (1997). Injerto de hortalizas. Serie Divulgación Técnica. Consellería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaciόn, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, 50-52.##Miguel, A., Maroto, J. V., Bautista, S. A., Baixauli, C., Cebolla, V., Pascual, B., Lopez- Galarza, S. & Guardiola, J. L. (2004). The grafting of triploid watermelon is an advantageous alternative to soil fumigation by methyl bromide for control of Fusarium wilt. Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 9-17.##Miguel, A., Maroto, J. V., San Bautista, A., Baixauli, C., Cebolla, V., Pascual, B., Lopez-Galarza, S. & Guardiola, J. L. (2004). The grafting of triploid watermelon is an advantageous alternative to soil fumigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 9-17.##Proietti, S., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Cardarelli, M., De Agazio, M., Zacchini, M., Moscatello, S. & Battistelli, A. (2008). Fruit quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 1107-1114.##Prohens, J. & Nuez, F. (2008). Handbook of Plant Breeding: Vegtables I. Springer Publishing. 426 pp.##Qi, H. Y., Li, T. L., Liu, Y. F. & Li, D. (2006). Effects of grafting on photosynthesis characteristics, yield, and sugar content in melon. Journal of Shenyang Agriculture University, 37, 155-158.##Rivero, R M., Ruiz, J. M. & Romero, L. (2003). Role of grafting in horticultural plants under stress conditions. Food, Agriculture and Environment, 1, 70-74.##Rivero, R. M., Ruiz, J. M. & Romero, L. (2004). Iron metabolism in tomato and watermelon plants: influence of grafting. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27, 2221-2234.##Sakata, Y., Takayoshi, O. & Mitsuhiro, S. (2007). The history and present state of the grafting of cucurbitaceous vegetables in Japan. Acta Horticulturae, 731, 159-170.##Salam, M. A., Masum, A. S. M. H., Chowdhury, S. S., Dhar, M., Saddeque, A. & Islam, M. R. (2002). Growth and yield of watermelon as influenced by grafting. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 298-299.##Salehi, R., Kashi, A., Lee, J. M., Babalar, M., Delshad, M., Lee, S. G. & Huh, Y. C. (2010). Leaf gas exchanges and mineral ion concentration in xylem sap of Iranian melon affected by rootstocks and training methods. HortScience, 45, 766-770.##Salehi, R., Kashi, A., Lee, S. G., Huh, Y. C., Lee, J. M., Babalar, M. & Delshad, M. (2009). Assessing the survival and growth performance of Iranian melon to grafting onto Cucurbita rootstocks. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 27(1), 1-6.##SAS Institute. (2004). SAS/STAT user´s guide. Version 9.1. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.##Seong, K. C., Moon, J. M., Lee, S. G., Kang, Y. G., Kim, K. Y. & Seo, H. D. (2003). Growth, lateral shoot development, and fruit yield of white-spined cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Baekseong-3) as affected by grafting methods. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology, 44, 478-482.##Soltani, A. (2007). Application SAS in statistical analysis. Mashhad University Press. 182 p. (In Farsi)##Wu, Y. F., Chen Y. & Zhao, Y. J. (2006)[r1] . Effect of pumpkin stocks on growth, development, yield, and quality of grafted muskmelon. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21, 354-359.##Xu, C. Q., Li, T. L., Qi, H. Y. & Qi, M. F. (2006). Effects of grafting on development and sugar content of muskmelon fruit. Journal of Shenyang Agriculture University, 37, 378-381.##Xu, C. Q., Li, T. L., Qi, H. Y. & Wang, H. (2005). Effects of grafting on growth and development, yield, and quality of muskmelon. China Vegetables, 6, 12-14.##Xu, S. L., Chen, Q. Y., Li, S. H., Zhang, L. L., Gao, J. S. & Wang, H. L. (2005). Roles of sugar-metabolizing enzymes and GA3, ABA in sugars accumulation in grafted muskmelon fruit. Journal of Fruit Science, 22, 514-518.## [r1]این منبع را در متن ندیدم؟؟؟##

0 ارزیابی کمّی و کیفی سه تودۀ محلی پیوندی و غیر‌پیوندی خربزۀ ایرانی Evaluation of Quality and Quantity of Three Accessions of Grafted and Non-grafted of Iranian melon https://ijhs.ut.ac.ir/article_54135.html 10.22059/ijhs.2015.54135 0 به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد کمّی و کیفی سه تودۀ محلی خربزه (Cucumis melo gr. Inodorus) به نام‌های زردجلال، آناناسی و خاتونی پژوهشی در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 16 تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعۀ تحقیقاتی جهاد دانشگاهی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران انجام شد. پنج رقم کــــدوی هیبرید تجاری به نام‌های Ace، Shintozwa، ShintoHongto، Zuktozwa و Ferro-RZ به‌عنوان پایه استفاده شدند. هر تودۀ زردجلال، آناناسی و خاتونی غیرپیوندی نیز به‌منزلۀ شاهد در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اثرات پایه و پیوندک بر بسیاری از صفات کمّی و کیفی از نظر آماری معنادار بود. بر‌اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، تودۀ زرد‌جلال روی پایۀ Zuktozwa با 76/4 عدد، بیشترین تعداد میوه در بوته را ثبت کرد. این درحالی است که تودۀ زرد‌جلال روی پایۀ Shintozwa تعداد میوۀ بازارپسند بیشتر (16/3 عدد) و عملکرد تک‌بوتۀ بالاتری (44/8 کیلوگرم) را نسبت به سایر توده‌ها و پایه‌ها نشان داد. تودۀ آناناسی روی پایۀ Zuktozwa بیشترین قطر محل پیوند، قطر پایه و قطر پیوندک را داشت. تودۀ زرد‌جلال و آناناسی روی پایۀ Zuktozwa با 89/12 و 72/12 درصد، بیشترین مادۀ خشک اندام هوایی را تولید کرد. تودۀ آناناسی روی پایۀ Zuktozwa با 86/11‌درصد، مادۀ خشک میوۀ بالاتری داشت. قطر حفرۀ بذری در میوه‌های تودۀ زرد‌جلال پیوند‌شده روی پایۀ Zuktozwa با 5/9 میلی‌متر بیشتر از سایر توده‌ها و پایه‌ها بود. تودۀ آناناسی روی پایۀ Zuktozwa از طول میوه، قطر میوه و قطر گوشت کمتری برخوردار بود. تودۀ آناناسی پیوند‌شده روی پایۀ Zuktozwa با 11 واحد بریکس، شیرین‌ترین میوه‌ها را تولید کرد.   1 The current experiment was carried out to evaluate qualitative and quantitativeof three melons (Cucumis melo gp. Ameri) accssions named Zardjalal, Ananasi and Khanoti. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and three replications at research field of Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Five commercial cucurbit hybrids named Ace, Shintozwa, ShintoHongto, Zuktozwa and Ferro were used as rootstock. Non-grafted plants of Zardjalal, Ananasi and Khanoti were used as control. The results show that, rootstock and scion had significant effect on qualityandquantity traits. According to results, maximum numbers of fruits per plant (4.76 no) were related to Zardjalal accession on Zuktozwa rootstock. The high marketable fruits numbers (3.16 no) and high yield per plant (8.44 kg) belong to Zardjalal accession grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock to compare other accessions and rootstocks. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had the highest diameter of the graft, scion diameter and rootstock diameter. Zardjalal and Ananasi accessions grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had superlative shoot dry matter with 12.89 and 12.72%, respectively. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had most fruit dry matter with 11.86%. The high cravity (9.5 mm) was seen in Zardjalal accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock. Ananasi accession grafted on Zuktozwa rootstock had the low fruit length, fruit diameter and flesh thickness. Ananasi accession with high brix (11%) was produced sweetest fruits. 169 178 رقیه جوانپور Roghayeh Javanpour دانشجوی دکتری، استادیار و دانشجویان دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران javanpoor@ut.ac.ir رضا صالحی محمدی Reza Salehi Mohammadi استادیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج، دانشکده علوم زراعی و دامی، گروه علوم باغبانی و فضای سبز، فیزیولوژی و اصلاح سبزی‌ها ایران salehir@ut.ac.ir میثم نژاد صاحبی Meysam Nejadsahebi دانشجوی دکتری، استادیار و دانشجویان دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران nejadsahebi@mailinator.com سید جواد موسوی زاده Javad Moosavi دانشجوی دکتری، استادیار و دانشجویان دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران mousavizadeh@gau.ac.ir آناناسی پایه پیوندک‌ تودۀ زرد‌جلال خاتونی‌ عملکرد Ahn, S. J., Im, Y.J., Chung, G. C., Cho, B. H. & Suh, S. R. (1999). Physiological response of grafted-cucumber leaves and rootstock roots by low root temperature. Scientia Horticulturae,81, 397-408.##Chung, H. D. & Lee, J. M. (2007). Rootstocks for grafting. In: Horticulture in Korea. Korean Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 162-167.##Crin, P., LoBianco, C., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Saccardo, F. & Paratore, A. (2007). Evaluation of rootstock resistance to fusarium wilt and gummy stem blight and effect on yield and quality of a grafted ‘Inodorus’ melon. HortScience, 42, 521-525.##Davis, A. R., Perkins-Veazie, P., Sakata, Y., Lopez-Galarza, S., Maroto, J. V., Lee, S. G., Huh, Y. C., Sun, Z., Miguel, A., King, S. R., Cohen, R. & Lee, J. M. (2008). Cucurbit grafting. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 27, 50-74.##Edelstein, M., Burger, Y., Horev, C., Porat, A., Meir, A. & Cohen, R. (2004). Assessing the effect of genetic and anatomic variation of Cucurbita rootstocks on vigour, survival and yield of grafted melons. Journal of Horticultural Sciences & Biotechnology, 79, 370-374.##FAOSTAT. (2010). 23 June 2010. <http://faostat. fao.org/site/340/default.aspx>.##Hoyos, P. (2001). Influence of different rootstocks on the yield and quality of greenhouses grown cucumbers. Acta Horticulturae, 559, 139-143.##Kashi, A., Salehi, R. & Javanpour, R. (2008). Grafting technology in vegetable crop production (1th Ed.). Agriculture Education Pub, 212 p. (In Farsi)##Kato, T. & Lou, H. (1989). Effect of rootstock on the yield, mineral nutrition and hormone level in xylem sap in eggplant. Journal of Japanese Society of Horticultural Sciences, 58, 345-352.##Koutsika-Sotiriou, M. & Traka-Mavrona, E. (2002). The cultivation of grafted melons in Greece, current status and prospects. Acta Horticulturae, 579, 325-330.##Lee, J. M. & Oda, M. (2003). Grafting of herbaceous vegetable and ornamental crops. Horticultural Reviews, 28, 127-134.##Lee, J. M. (1994). Cultivation of grafted vegetables I. Current status, grafting methods and benefits. HortScience, 29, 235-239.##Lee, J. M., Kubota, C., Tsao, S. J., Bie, Z., Hoyos Echevarria, P., Morra, L. & Oda, M. (2010). Current status of vegetable grafting: diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Scientia Horticulturae, 127, 93-105.##Miguel, A. (1997). Injerto de hortalizas. Serie Divulgación Técnica. Consellería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaciόn, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, 50-52.##Miguel, A., Maroto, J. V., Bautista, S. A., Baixauli, C., Cebolla, V., Pascual, B., Lopez- Galarza, S. & Guardiola, J. L. (2004). The grafting of triploid watermelon is an advantageous alternative to soil fumigation by methyl bromide for control of Fusarium wilt. Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 9-17.##Miguel, A., Maroto, J. V., San Bautista, A., Baixauli, C., Cebolla, V., Pascual, B., Lopez-Galarza, S. & Guardiola, J. L. (2004). The grafting of triploid watermelon is an advantageous alternative to soil fumigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 103, 9-17.##Proietti, S., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., Cardarelli, M., De Agazio, M., Zacchini, M., Moscatello, S. & Battistelli, A. (2008). Fruit quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 1107-1114.##Prohens, J. & Nuez, F. (2008). Handbook of Plant Breeding: Vegtables I. Springer Publishing. 426 pp.##Qi, H. Y., Li, T. L., Liu, Y. F. & Li, D. (2006). Effects of grafting on photosynthesis characteristics, yield, and sugar content in melon. Journal of Shenyang Agriculture University, 37, 155-158.##Rivero, R M., Ruiz, J. M. & Romero, L. (2003). Role of grafting in horticultural plants under stress conditions. Food, Agriculture and Environment, 1, 70-74.##Rivero, R. M., Ruiz, J. M. & Romero, L. (2004). Iron metabolism in tomato and watermelon plants: influence of grafting. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27, 2221-2234.##Sakata, Y., Takayoshi, O. & Mitsuhiro, S. (2007). The history and present state of the grafting of cucurbitaceous vegetables in Japan. Acta Horticulturae, 731, 159-170.##Salam, M. A., Masum, A. S. M. H., Chowdhury, S. S., Dhar, M., Saddeque, A. & Islam, M. R. (2002). Growth and yield of watermelon as influenced by grafting. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 298-299.##Salehi, R., Kashi, A., Lee, J. M., Babalar, M., Delshad, M., Lee, S. G. & Huh, Y. C. (2010). Leaf gas exchanges and mineral ion concentration in xylem sap of Iranian melon affected by rootstocks and training methods. HortScience, 45, 766-770.##Salehi, R., Kashi, A., Lee, S. G., Huh, Y. C., Lee, J. M., Babalar, M. & Delshad, M. (2009). Assessing the survival and growth performance of Iranian melon to grafting onto Cucurbita rootstocks. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 27(1), 1-6.##SAS Institute. (2004). SAS/STAT user´s guide. Version 9.1. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.##Seong, K. C., Moon, J. M., Lee, S. G., Kang, Y. G., Kim, K. Y. & Seo, H. D. (2003). Growth, lateral shoot development, and fruit yield of white-spined cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Baekseong-3) as affected by grafting methods. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology, 44, 478-482.##Soltani, A. (2007). Application SAS in statistical analysis. Mashhad University Press. 182 p. (In Farsi)##Wu, Y. F., Chen Y. & Zhao, Y. J. (2006)[r1] . Effect of pumpkin stocks on growth, development, yield, and quality of grafted muskmelon. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21, 354-359.##Xu, C. Q., Li, T. L., Qi, H. Y. & Qi, M. F. (2006). Effects of grafting on development and sugar content of muskmelon fruit. Journal of Shenyang Agriculture University, 37, 378-381.##Xu, C. Q., Li, T. L., Qi, H. Y. & Wang, H. (2005). Effects of grafting on growth and development, yield, and quality of muskmelon. China Vegetables, 6, 12-14.##Xu, S. L., Chen, Q. Y., Li, S. H., Zhang, L. L., Gao, J. S. & Wang, H. L. (2005). Roles of sugar-metabolizing enzymes and GA3, ABA in sugars accumulation in grafted muskmelon fruit. Journal of Fruit Science, 22, 514-518.## [r1]این منبع را در متن ندیدم؟؟؟##